# Environmental implications of Si2BN nanoflakes in pharmaceutical pollutant detection and removal: insights from first-principle calculations

## TL;DR

This paper explores how Si2BN nanoflakes can detect and remove pharmaceutical pollutants like carbamazepine using quantum mechanical calculations.

## Contribution

The study introduces Si2BN nanoflakes as a novel material for pharmaceutical pollutant detection and removal, supported by first-principles calculations.

## Key findings

- Si2BN nanoflakes show strong adsorption of carbamazepine with energies of −0.83 eV (edge) and −0.82 eV (surface).
- Adsorption causes a 138 nm blueshift in UV–Vis spectra, indicating sensing capability.
- DFT calculations reveal charge transfer and Fermi-level shifts that enhance Si2BN's electronic properties for pollutant detection.

## Abstract

Pharmaceutical pollutants, such as carbamazepine (CBZ), are emerging contaminants that pose significant environmental and health risks due to their persistence in aquatic ecosystems and incomplete removal by conventional wastewater treatments. This study leverages density functional theory (DFT), a gold-standard computational quantum mechanical modeling method, to evaluate the efficacy of Si2BN nanoflakes—a novel two-dimensional material—for CBZ adsorption and detection. Our first-principles calculations reveal thermodynamically stable interactions between CBZ and Si2BN, with adsorption energies of − 0.83 eV (edge) and − 0.82 eV (surface). The material’s responsive optical behavior is quantified through time-dependent DFT, showing a 138 nm blueshift in UV–Vis spectra upon adsorption, a hallmark of its sensing capability. Furthermore, DFT-calculated charge transfer (0.04–0.06 e) and Fermi-level shifts (− 4.52 to − 4.69 eV) underscore Si2BN’s enhanced electronic properties, enabling selective pollutant detection. By bridging atomic-scale insights (bond distortions, orbital hybridization) with macroscale environmental applications, this work demonstrates how DFT-guided design unlocks Si2BN’s dual functionality as a scalable adsorbent and optical sensor. These findings provide a quantum–mechanical foundation for advancing Si2BN nanoflakes as a scalable, stable, and effective material for addressing pharmaceutical pollutants in water, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional methods plagued by secondary contamination risks.