# Effect of Melt Treatment and Heat Treatment on the Performance of Aluminum Cylinder Heads

## TL;DR

This study examines how melt treatments affect the hardness and strength of aluminum cylinder heads made using the lost foam technique.

## Contribution

The study introduces a new Al-Cu alloy (220) and evaluates its performance compared to existing Al-Si-Mg alloys.

## Key findings

- Hardness and yield strength of alloy 357 increased by 17% and 24% compared to alloy 356 due to Mg content differences.
- Alloy 220 showed 18% higher hardness and 15% higher yield strength than alloy 356, attributed to the Al2Cu hardening phase.
- Liquid metal treatments improved mechanical properties through refined microstructures and reduced porosity.

## Abstract

The present study was performed on real-life I4-aluminum cylinder heads produced industrially by applying the lost foam technique to Al-Si-Mg alloys (356 and 357). This work, in addition, introduces a new Al-Cu alloys coded 220 alloy. The main aim of this study is to analyze the effects of liquid metal treatment on the hardness and tensile properties of such castings. The effects of liquid metal treatment (modification with 200 ppm Sr, grain refining with 150 ppm B and degassing using pure Ar) of the castings produced by the lost foam technique on the tensile strength and hardness properties were evaluated. Hydrogen plays an important role in the formation of porosity. At the same time, the foam mold leaves an impression on the casting surface taking the shape of fine holes. In addition, segregation of hydrogen occurs in front of the solidification front. Thus, the porosity is a combination of hydrogen level and the solidification rate. Gains of 17% and 24% are observed for the hardness and yield strength for alloy 357 compared to alloy 356, caused by the difference in their magnesium (Mg) contents in the sense that, in the T6 heat-treated condition, precipitates in the form of ultra-fine Mg2Si phase particles are formed. The enhancement in the mechanical properties of the used alloy depends mainly of the volume fraction of the precipitated Mg2Si particles. The hardness of alloy 220 increases by 18% and the yield strength by 15% compared to that measured for alloy 356. In this case, the hardening phase Al2Cu is responsible for this increase. Thus, this study demonstrates that liquid metal treatments significantly enhance the hardness and yield strength of Al-Si-Mg and Al-Cu alloys, with the gain attributed to refined microstructures and reduced porosity.