# Assessment of Muscular Strength and Functional Capacity in Smoker Population Without Any Diagnosed Respiratory Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

## TL;DR

Smokers without diagnosed lung disease show reduced muscle strength and endurance compared to non-smokers, even before any lung disease is diagnosed.

## Contribution

This study identifies early muscular and cardiovascular impairments in smokers without diagnosed respiratory disease.

## Key findings

- Smokers had lower muscle strength and endurance compared to non-smokers.
- Heart rate response to exercise was reduced in smokers.
- No significant gender differences were observed in the study.

## Abstract

Introduction: Smoking is a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. In addition to pulmonary damages, peripheral muscle impairments are present in this population. Pulmonary limitation is observed in smokers before disease diagnosis, but functional capacity limitations are uncertain, contrary to patients who have already been diagnosed. The aim of this study was to compare muscular strength and endurance between non-smoker and smoker populations without any diagnosed respiratory disease. Method: This cross-sectional study assessed subjects without diagnosed respiratory disease in terms of physical capacity using two tests (one-minute sit-to-stand test (STST) and Jamar dynamometer test (JDT)). Results: The sample consisted of 147 subjects. The number of repetitions and the muscle strength were lower in the smoker than in the non-smoker population (28.5 ± 8.7 vs. 33.5 ± 8.2 (p < 0.001), and 38.2 ± 10.1 vs. 42.4 ± 10.5 (p = 0.04), respectively). The relative change in heart rate during STST was lower in the smokers compared to the non-smokers (p = 0.01). No significant differences were found based on gender. Conclusions: Smokers without alcohol or drug dependence and without diagnosed lung disease exhibit non-clinically but statistically reduced muscular strength and endurance. Their heart rate response to exercise is also reduced.