# Game Species Management and Ecosystem Health: Leveraging Vulture Scavenging to Improve Carcass Disposal and Health Risk Reduction

## TL;DR

Vultures help keep ecosystems healthy by eating carcasses, but dense vegetation and low altitude slow them down, so managing these factors can improve conservation and public health.

## Contribution

The study identifies how vegetation density and altitude affect vulture scavenging efficiency, offering new insights for game management.

## Key findings

- Dense vegetation and low altitude delay vulture arrival and carcass consumption.
- Bayesian models show environmental factors significantly influence scavenger behavior.
- Findings suggest habitat management can enhance vulture conservation and public health.

## Abstract

Vultures play a crucial role in ecosystem health by removing carcasses and reducing disease transmission. However, they are a highly vulnerable bird group. This study examines the environmental factors influencing scavenging dynamics in a hunting area in Sierra Madrona, Spain. Deer carcasses were placed in habitats with varying vegetation density and altitude and monitored for 30 days using camera traps. Results indicate that dense vegetation and lower altitudes delay vulture arrival and carcass consumption. These findings provide valuable insights for game management to enhance vulture conservation and promote ecosystem and public health.

Avian scavengers, particularly vultures, play a crucial role in ecosystem health by efficiently consuming carcasses, thereby reducing pathogen abundance and limiting disease transmission to wildlife, livestock, and humans. In addition to the indispensable role of vultures, they are a particularly threatened group of birds. This study investigates the environmental factors that optimize this ecosystem service by examining the scavenging dynamics of vultures and other species at deer carcasses in a hunting area in Sierra Madrona, Ciudad Real, Spain. Carcasses were placed in habitats with different vegetation densities (open vs. dense) and altitudes (high vs. low) and were monitored for 30 days using camera traps. Data on scavenger diversity, arrival times, and carcass persistence were analyzed using Bayesian multilevel models. Results reveal that vegetation density and altitude significantly influence vulture arrival times and carcass duration, with dense vegetation and low altitudes delaying scavenger access. These findings provide actionable insights for game management to enhance vulture conservation and improve both public and ecosystem health through timely and effective carcass removal.