# Passenger and freight travel patterns: A cluster analysis based on urban networks

## TL;DR

This study compares passenger and freight travel patterns in South Korea, revealing differences in their network structures and central areas.

## Contribution

The study introduces a comparative analysis of passenger and freight travel using urban network theory in South Korea.

## Key findings

- Passenger travel is short-distance with lower density, while freight travel is dense across all distances and centered around nodal regions.
- Passenger travel forms multiple short-distance clusters, whereas freight travel forms fewer, extensive clusters.
- Freight travel central areas can be farther apart than passenger ones, possibly due to logistics optimization in suburban areas.

## Abstract

While research on population travel patterns and urban networks has been active, it has primarily focused on passenger travel, leaving freight travel relatively underexplored. This study addresses this gap by analyzing both passenger and freight travel patterns, network structures, and central areas. It uses origin-destination (OD) data, considering total travel volume by purpose and mode. The study applies regular equivalence and power centrality to examine differences in human and logistics flows across South Korea from an urban network theory perspective. The key findings are as follows. First, passenger travel, predominantly short-distance, exhibits lower density and intensity than freight travel. Freight travel, on the other hand, demonstrates strong density across short, medium, and long distances, with more travel routes concentrated around nodal regions. Second, passenger travel forms several polynucleated clusters, including short-distance movements. Conversely, freight travel forms a few extensive clusters that encompass medium and long-distance movements. Third, the spatial interaction of passenger travel is influenced by the OD distance, unlike freight travel. Interestingly, the distance between central areas of freight travel can be longer than that of passenger travel. This may stem from the strategic positioning of certain suburban areas as central areas to optimize logistics efficiency. This study emphasizes the importance of morphological and functional linkages between cities by identifying inter-regional differences in passenger and freight flows. It also proposes spatial planning strategies based on urban hierarchy.