# Battery-free head orientation measurement using passive RFID tags

## TL;DR

A battery-free RFID-based wearable sensor is proposed to measure head orientation, offering a privacy-friendly alternative to cameras or skin sensors.

## Contribution

A novel battery-free RFID-based wearable sensor for measuring head orientation is introduced as an alternative to cameras or skin-attached sensors.

## Key findings

- The RFID-based sensor showed significant correlation between head orientation and signal strength differences during yaw rotations.
- The sensor failed to estimate pitch rotations due to insufficient vertical spacing between RFID tags.
- Demographic factors did not influence the sensor's performance in head orientation measurements.

## Abstract

Real-time measurement of head rotation, a primary human body movement, offers potential advantages in rehabilitating head or neck motor disorders, promoting seamless human–robot interaction, and tracking the lateral glance of children with autism spectrum disorder for effective intervention. However, existing options such as cameras capturing the entire face or skin-attached sensors have limitations concerning privacy, safety, and/or usability. This research introduces a novel method that employs a battery-free RFID tag-based wearable sensor for monitoring head orientation, as a substitute for the existing options like camera. By attaching a pair of passive RFID tags to the front of the head at a specific distance from each other, the signal strength of each tag within the pair differs based on the discrepancy in distance from the RFID reader caused by head rotation. Important parameters including distance between the tags, distance from the reader, and tag types, are investigated to suggest optimal sensor design. In tests involving random head rotations by 10 healthy adults, there was a significant correlation between the orientation of the head and gaze in the yaw direction and the differences in signal strength from the sensor pairs. The correlation coefficients (

) were satisfactory, at 0.88 for head and 0.83 for left eye pupil orientations. However, the sensor failed to estimate pitch rotations for head and gaze, due to the insufficient vertical spacing between the tags. No demographic factors appeared to influence the results.