# “That’s Definitely a Red Flag”: Sexual Violence Risk Perception by Men who have Sex with Men Using Dating and Sexual Networking Apps

## TL;DR

This study explores how men who have sex with men perceive and evaluate sexual violence risk cues on dating apps.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel framework of 'yellow, orange, and red flags' to categorize perceived sexual violence risk indicators on dating apps.

## Key findings

- MSM use perceived partner characteristics to assess sexual violence risk on dating apps.
- Three levels of risk cues (yellow, orange, red flags) were identified through focus group discussions.
- Future research should validate these risk indicators and explore interventions to reduce victimization.

## Abstract

Sexual violence (SV) victimization is a growing concern for men who have sex with men (MSM), given their high risk for SV relative to heterosexual peers. MSM frequently utilize dating and sexual networking (DSN) apps to meet potential partners, which also puts them at a higher risk of victimization. Understanding the connection between DSN apps and SV victimization for MSM can inform the development of prevention interventions. The aim of this study was to examine partner characteristics MSM perceive as associated with SV risk on DSN apps. We conducted two virtual semi-structured focus groups with 14 MSM between the ages of 18 and 30. Group facilitators queried participants about their experiences with DSN apps and attributes of potentially risky partners. Three levels of perceived SV risk cues emerged as primary themes: yellow flags (attributes used to determine continued engagement), orange flags (caution or warning signs), and red flags (clear indications of danger). MSM described how they use these “flags” to evaluate SV risk when considering whether to interact with potential partners on DSN apps. Future research should assess whether these attributes are indeed associated with SV perpetration and whether strengthening skills for safely navigating DSN app interactions can reduce victimization for MSM.