# Efficacy of Navigation Systems With Smart Delivery Tools in Enhancing the Accuracy of Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Insertion

## TL;DR

A compact navigation system with smart tools improves accuracy in placing spinal screws during minimally invasive surgery.

## Contribution

Demonstrates improved accuracy of percutaneous pedicle screw insertion using a compact navigation system with smart delivery tools.

## Key findings

- Navigation group had significantly fewer screw deviations compared to traditional fluoroscopic guidance.
- Adjusted prevalence ratios showed reduced risk of deviations in the navigation group.
- Navigation systems may enhance accuracy in spinal surgeries for older patients with conditions like foraminal stenosis.

## Abstract

Purpose

Minimally invasive surgical techniques are advancing in spinal surgery, creating a need for the development of surgical support systems. This study evaluates the efficacy of a compact navigation system with smart delivery tools in percutaneous pedicle screw insertion.

Methods

This retrospective observational study included consecutive thoracic or lumbar spinal fusion patients with percutaneous pedicle screw placement treated from November 2022 to July 2023 in a Japanese private hospital. Primary outcomes were screw deviations (classified as any deviation, deviations of more than 2 mm, deviations from the medial to the caudal side). Pedicle screws were divided into two groups: those placed with the navigation system and those placed with traditional fluoroscopic guidance (non-navigation). Fisher's exact test and a generalized estimation equation for the prevalence ratio were conducted, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

This study evaluated 492 pedicle screws (190 in the navigation group) in 78 patients. The median age was 70.5 years, and the most common condition was foraminal stenosis (26 patients, 33%). Of the study participants, 40 (51%) were male. Any deviation, deviations of more than 2 mm, and deviations from the medial to the caudal side were observed in 16 screws (8.4%) vs. 54 screws (21%) (p<0.001), six screws (3.2%) vs. 31 screws (12%) (p<0.001), and five screws (2.6%) vs. 10 screws (3.8%) (p=0.5) in the navigation and non-navigation groups, respectively. The adjusted prevalence ratios of the navigation group for any deviation, deviations of more than 2 mm, and deviations from the medial to the caudal side were 0.51 (95%CI 0.27, 0.98), 0.33 (95%CI 0.14, 0.78), and 0.88 (95%CI 0.26, 3.05), respectively.

Conclusion

This study suggests that compact navigation systems with smart delivery tools may improve screw placement accuracy in spinal surgeries.