# Self-Efficacy is Associated with Health Behaviors Related to Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk among Hispanic/Latinx and Somali Immigrants to the United States

## TL;DR

This study shows that confidence in healthy behaviors is linked to better diet and more physical activity in Hispanic/Latinx and Somali immigrants in the U.S.

## Contribution

The study applies self-efficacy theory to immigrant populations, showing its relevance for health behaviors in these communities.

## Key findings

- Higher confidence in healthy eating was linked to healthier snacking and less soda consumption.
- Greater confidence in physical activity was associated with more self-reported physical activity.
- Self-efficacy theory appears applicable and measurable in these immigrant populations.

## Abstract

Self-efficacy theory proposes that confidence to engage in a health behavior is associated with engaging in that specific behavior. Most research examining self-efficacy has been conducted with white young adult populations. This secondary analysis examined the association of self-efficacy (i.e., confidence) for healthy eating and physical activity in two immigrant communities.

At enrollment into the Healthy Immigrant Community study, a clinical weight management and cardiovascular risk reduction intervention set in southeastern [state], 475 participants completed assessments about their confidence for healthy eating and physical activity. Measurements also included self-reports of dietary quality and intake, physical activity, quality of life, and biometric assessments. Study materials were available in English, Spanish, and Somali.

In total, 450 adults (Hispanic/Latinx = 267; Somali = 183) completed measures at baseline and were included for analysis. Their average age was 45 years (range 18–87) and 59% were female. Confidence for healthy eating was significantly associated with self-report of eating healthy snacks (p = < 0.0001) and less consumption of high-calorie drinks (p = 0.02) and regular soda (p = < 0.0001). Confidence to be physically active was significantly associated with more self-reported physical activity (p = < 0.01).

Confidence to eat healthy and be physically active appears to be associated with having a healthier diet and higher levels of physical activity. Given the large sample size and strength of the associations, it also appears that the theoretical model of self-efficacy can be effectively measured and applied within these immigrant populations. Self-efficacy theory may be useful in understanding potential mediating mechanisms when designing future interventions with immigrant communities.

NCT05136339; April 23, 2022