# A study of the relationship between circulating cytokines (interleukin-2 receptor and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2) and risk of B-cell non-hodgkin lymphoma

## TL;DR

This study found that higher levels of two cytokines, sIL-2R and sTNF-R2, are linked to increased risk and severity of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

## Contribution

The study identifies sIL-2R and sTNF-R2 as potential prognostic markers for B-NHL by analyzing their association with disease type and progression.

## Key findings

- Serum levels of sIL-2R and sTNF-R2 were significantly higher in B-NHL patients compared to controls.
- Higher cytokine levels correlated with aggressive lymphoma types and advanced stages.
- Cytokine levels were closely associated with lymphoma type and natural history (P values < 0.001 and 0.012).

## Abstract

Mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) occurs due to uncontrolled B-lymphocyte clonal expansion. Cytokines can directly stimulate B-cell proliferation and prevent B-cell apoptosis. Dysregulation of cytokines may play an important role in the development of B-NHL by enhancing chromosomal translocation, which is the hallmark of B-NHL. Both interleukin 2 and tumor necrosis factor-α are proinflammatory cytokines and play important roles in the growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of B cells.

We conducted a prospective case-control study applied to 50 patients with B-NHL at Kasr Al Aini Hospital, Cairo University, and 50 age- and sex-matched controls. Clinical, laboratory and imaging data were collected. In all patients and controls, sIL-2R and sTNF-R2 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The Spearman correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between the studied cytokines and clinical, laboratory and imaging findings. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to detect the cutoff values of the studied cytokines.

Serum levels of sIL-2R and sTNF-R2 were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Additionally, their levels were significantly higher in aggressive types and advanced stages of lymphoma. Also, the studied cytokines were significantly correlated with different clinical and laboratory parameters of lymphoma. The level of sIL-2R and sTNF-R2 were closely related to the type of lymphoma (P value ˂ 0.001 and 0.012, respectively), further it was also associated with the natural history of lymphoma (aggressive vs. indolent) (P value ˂0.001 and 0.04 respectively).

We concluded that Pretreatment levels of sIL-2R and sTNF-R2 may play a role in the natural history and prognosis of lymphoma. They may be used as a prognostic factor for B-NHL patients and may also help with treatment decisions.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00277-024-05996-2.