# Thermographic analysis of the periorbital region in mouth and nasal breathing children

## TL;DR

This study investigates whether breathing through the mouth or nose affects periorbital temperatures in children and proposes a thermographic analysis method for this region.

## Contribution

The study introduces a thermographic method for analyzing periorbital temperatures and evaluates its reliability and associations with ocular symptoms.

## Key findings

- The proposed thermographic method showed satisfactory intrarater and interrater agreement for maximum and mean temperatures.
- Ocular edema was associated with temperatures in the upper and lower right arcs in mouth-breathing children.
- No association was found between breathing mode and periorbital temperature.

## Abstract

To verify whether the breathing mode interferes with surface periorbital temperatures and propose a thermographic analysis method for this region.

Exploratory, observational, cross-sectional study. Thermographic images of 14 mouth-breathing and 14 nasal-breathing children were collected and analyzed using the Visionfy program (Thermofy®, Brazil) with breast 1 color scale. The ellipse tool delimited the region of interest (periorbital region) and a customized shape subdivided the region of interest into four arcs. The study collected maximum, mean, and minimum absolute and standardized temperatures of the arcs and performed interrater and intrarater comparisons and comparative analysis of temperatures between groups. Temperatures in the group of mouth breathers were compared with pruritus, hyperemia, tearing, and ocular edema.

the intrarater agreement indicated a satisfactory result for most analyzed temperatures. The interrater agreement, in general, was excellent for maximum, good for mean, and poor for minimum temperatures. The association between periorbital data and temperatures showed an association between ocular edema and temperatures in the upper and lower right arcs and between pruritus and the maximum temperature in the lower right arc.

the method had satisfactory intrarater and interrater agreement for maximum and mean temperatures. Ocular edema was associated with temperatures in the group of mouth breathers. Breathing mode was not associated with periorbital temperature.

verificar se o modo respiratório interfere na temperatura superficial da região periorbital e propor um método para análise termográfica dessa região.

estudo exploratório observacional e transversal. As imagens termográficas de 14 crianças respiradoras orais e 14 respiradoras nasais foram coletadas e analisadas pelo programa Visionfy (Thermofy®, Brasil) com a escala de cor mama 1. Utilizou-se a ferramenta elipse para delimitação da região de interesse (ROI), região periorbital, e uma forma personalizada para subdividir a região de interesse em quatro arcos. Foram coletadas as temperaturas máxima, média e mínima (absolutas e normalizadas) dos arcos. Foram realizadas comparação inter e intra-avaliador e análise comparativa das temperaturas entre os grupos. No grupo de respiradores orais realizou-se a comparação entre as temperaturas e as variáveis presença de prurido, hiperemia, lacrimejamento e edema oculares.

a concordância intra-avaliador foi satisfatória para a maior parte das temperaturas analisadas. A concordância interavaliador, em geral, foi excelente para as temperaturas máximas, boa para as médias e ruim para as mínimas. Houve associação entre a presença de edema ocular e as temperaturas dos arcos superior e inferior direito, bem como entre a presença de prurido e a temperatura máxima do arco superior direito.

o método proposto mostrou concordância intra e interavaliador satisfatória para as temperaturas máxima e média. Verificou-se associação entre edema ocular e as temperaturas analisadas no grupo de respiradores orais. O modo respiratório não apresentou associação com temperatura da região periorbital.