Evaluation of daytime sleepiness and insomnia symptoms in OSA patients with a characterization of symptom-defined phenotypes and their involvement in depression comorbidity

TL;DR

This study explores how symptoms like insomnia and sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea patients are linked to depression symptoms, identifying specific patient groups at higher risk.

Contribution

The study introduces a new approach to classifying OSA patients based on insomnia and sleepiness symptoms and their association with depression.

Findings

Insomnia and insomnia-sleepiness phenotypes are associated with higher depression scores compared to asymptomatic and sleepiness-only groups.

The insomnia phenotype is a strong predictor of mild and moderate depression symptoms in OSA patients.

Using clinical features like insomnia and sleepiness improves the identification of OSA patients at risk for depression.

Abstract

Recent studies have emphasized the importance of clinical manifestations, such as insomnia and sleepiness, in defining phenotypes of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), shifting from a focus on OSA severity and sleep structure.

The study aimed to characterize insomnia and sleepiness associated with OSA phenotypes and assess their involvement in depression symptoms (DS) in OSA.

A total of 181 participants undergoing polysomnography (PSG) were asked to fill out questionnaires, including Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Back Depression Index (BDI). They were categorized into phenotypes: insomnia-sleepiness (I+S; ESS≥11; ISI≥15; n=20), sleepiness (S; ESS≥11; ISI<15; n=22), insomnia (I; ESS<11; ISI≥15) and asymptomatic (A; ESS<11; ISI<15; n=55).

A linear regression model for BDI score (R2=0.357, p<0.001) included ISI score and subjective to objective sleep latency ratio. ISI score was a predictive factor for mild and moderate DS (OR=1.226, p<0.001 and OR=1.392, p=0.002, respectively). I and I+S phenotypes are characterized by higher BDI scores (p<0.001 and p=0.015), longer subjective sleep latency (p=0.008 and p=0.041), and shorter subjective total sleep time (TST; p=0.049 and p=0.006), compared to A. Furthermore, the I and I+S groups had shorter subjective TST than S (p=0.028 and p=0.047). I and I+S had higher BDI scores than A (p<0.001 and p=0.015, respectively) and S (p<0.001 and p=0.017, respectively). I phenotype was associated with the risk of mild and moderate DS (OR=5.614, p<0.001 and OR=9.550, p=0.008 respectively). Moreover, the I+S phenotype presented an even greater risk for mild DS (OR=10.286, p<0.001).

The study suggests that using clinical features for OSA phenotyping holds promise for finding OSA individuals with increased risk for the occurrence of DS.

None Declared