# Attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and personal strengths in adults

## TL;DR

This study explores how ADHD symptoms in adults relate to personal strengths like self-confidence and responsibility, finding that those with ADHD tend to score lower in several key areas.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific personal strengths associated with ADHD symptoms in adults, suggesting potential targets for intervention.

## Key findings

- Adults with ADHD symptoms scored lower on most personal strength subscales, particularly self-confidence, self-care, responsibility, and wisdom.
- Effect sizes for these differences ranged from small to medium, indicating meaningful but variable associations.
- No significant differences were found in strengths like empathy, compassion, and humor between groups.

## Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent chronic neuropsychiatric disorders in children and adolescents; however, it continues into adulthood in 4-77% of the cases. Due to executive dysfunction, adults with ADHD may have deficits in personal strengths, as well as difficulties utilizing existing strengths in challenging situations, which may add to the functional impairments associated with ADHD in adults.

Therefore, we aimed to explore the association between personal strengths and ADHD symptoms in a community sample of adults.

Five hundred and twenty-eight adults (mean age = 21.41 years, SD = 2.29, range: 18 – 28, female: N = 488, 92.4%) filled out an online questionnaire after giving their informed consent. Personal strengths were assessed using Bernstein’s Strengths Scale (BSS) which measures sixteen positive attributes grouped into four higher-order factors: self-directedness (Identity, Self-reflection, Self-confidence, Self-assertion, Imagination/Creativity), self-regulation (Emotional balance, Resilience, Self-control, Self-care, Reality testing), connection (Empathy, Compassion, Humour, Responsibility), and transcendence (Gratitude and Wisdom). ADHD symptoms were measured by the screening version (Part A) of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS).

Participants who were screened positive in ASRS (N = 247, 46.7%) scored lower in all but four BSS subscales than participants who were screened negative (N = 280, 53.3%). Effect sizes reached the medium level (Cohen’s d > .5) for Self-confidence, Self-care, Responsibility and Wisdom, and were small (Cohen’s d > .2) for Identity, Self-assertion, Imagination, Resilience, Reality-testing, Emotional balance, and Gratitude. However, no group differences were found in the Self-reflection, Empathy, Compassion, and Humour subscales of the BSS.

Our results suggest that ADHD symptoms in adults may be associated with deficits in personal strengths; that is, adults with ADHD may have difficulties, especially in trusting in their abilities, qualities, and judgements, in taking care of their own emotional and physical well-being, in taking responsibilities and in being open to learning from their experiences. Addressing personal strengths in psychosocial interventions for adult ADHD may improve patients’ functioning.

This research has been supported by the National Research, Development, and Innovation Office, OTKA-PD-134849 and ÚNKP-22-2-I-ELTE-854 grants.

None Declared