# Adaptation and validation of a Rwanda-focused version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT)

## TL;DR

Researchers adapted the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test for Rwanda and validated its effectiveness in screening for alcohol use disorder.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a culturally adapted and validated version of the AUDIT for use in Rwanda.

## Key findings

- The Rwanda-focused AUDIT demonstrated excellent internal structure with high factor loadings and strong model fit indices.
- Reliability statistics were all above 0.90, indicating strong internal consistency of the test.
- The study supports the use of the adapted AUDIT for screening alcohol use disorder in Rwanda.

## Abstract

In Rwanda, alcohol use disorder (AUD) is estimated to affect 7% of the population. The Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) is an excellent screening instrument for AUD, but a Rwanda-focused version previously was unavailable. Our objective was to develop a Rwanda- focused AUDIT and evaluate its psychometric properties.

The English AUDIT was adapted to the Rwandan language through translation and back- translation by a panel of native English and Kinyarwanda speakers. Random sampling was used to recruit participants from the emergency department, outpatient clinics, and inpatient wards at a tertiary care center in Rwanda, excluding those < 18 years old, declining to participate, unable to provide consent, or when participation would interfere with care. Participants completed the Rwanda-focused AUDIT using an audio computer-assisted self-interviewing format. Internal structure was assessed using one-, two- and three-dimensional models of fit and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), assessed by Chi-square (χ2), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and comparative fit index (CFI).

Of 775 patients assessed for enrollment, 7% were unable to provide consent, 12% declined to participate, 2% could not participate because it would disrupt their medical care, and 1.3% dropped out, leaving 614 included for analysis. Of the 614, the majority were male (61%), married (53%) and had only primary education (65%). Their ages were: 33% 18-30, 43% 31-50, and 25% > 50 years-old. Factor loading for the AUDIT CFA model was between 0.62 and 0.96 for all items. Model fit indices included χ2 of < 0.001, RMSA of 0.061 (0.049 - 0.073), TLI of 0.994, and CFI of 0.995. Reliability statistics included Cronbach’s alpha at 0.91 (0.90 – 0.92), Omega 6 at 0.948 and composite reliability at 0.977.

The Rwanda-focused AUDIT showed excellent performance for measures of internal structure with high factor loading on CFA and model fit indices meeting traditional parameters of RMSEA < 0.08, TLI > 0.90, and CFI > 0.95. In this context, χ2 should ideally be > 0.05, however a relatively large sample, such as ours, tends to depress the number. All reliability statistics were above 0.90, indicating strong internal consistency. These findings support the reliability of this screening instrument. Further research should focus on the development of brief interventions for those who screen positive.