# Paracoccidioides Species Circulating in the Endemic Area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Updates into Their Genetic Diversity

## TL;DR

This study explores the genetic diversity of Paracoccidioides fungi causing a major Brazilian fungal disease, revealing distinct species and populations in Rio de Janeiro.

## Contribution

The study identifies two distinct populations of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and a single lineage of P. americana in a Brazilian endemic region.

## Key findings

- Three out of sixteen isolates were identified as Paracoccidioides americana, and thirteen as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto.
- P. americana isolates showed no intraspecific genetic variation in the study region.
- P. brasiliensis isolates clustered into two distinct molecular profiles despite being in a single phylogenetic clade.

## Abstract

Paracoccidiodomycosis (PCM) is the most important systemic mycosis in Brazil, and is usually associated with rural work. PCM is caused by inhalation of infective propagules of thermodimorphic fungi from the genus Paracoccidioides. In the past, it was believed that Paracoccidioides brasiliensis was the single species responsible for PCM cases. However, recent advances in molecular methods allowed the description of several new species, using phylogenetic concordance as the gold standard. Aside from P. brasiliensis sensu stricto, Paracoccidioides americana is also endemic in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate intraspecific genetic variability of Paracoccidioides isolates from patients diagnosed with PCM at a reference center for endemic mycoses in Rio de Janeiro state, from 2015 to 2021. Among the sixteen retrieved isolates, three (18.75%) were identified as P. americana and thirteen (81.25%) as P. brasiliensis sensu stricto. No intraspecific genetic variation was observed by the M-13 primer in P. americana isolates from this geographic region. However, P. brasiliensis sensu stricto isolates were clustered into two distinct molecular profiles, despite being grouped in a single clade in the phylogenetic tree after partial sequencing of arf and gp43 genes. The results suggest a single P. americana lineage and two P. brasiliensis populations causing PCM in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.