# Psychedelics: Safety and Efficacy

**Authors:** Norman Miller

PMC · DOI: 10.3390/ijerph22020134 · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · 2025-01-21

## TL;DR

This paper reviews the current state of psychedelic research, highlighting gaps in safety and efficacy studies and their implications for drug scheduling.

## Contribution

The paper critically examines the lack of scientific rigor in psychedelic research and its impact on policy decisions.

## Key findings

- Existing psychedelic research lacks sufficient scientific rigor and reliable data on safety and efficacy.
- Misleading information and poorly designed studies hinder accurate assessment of psychedelic drugs for medical use.
- Personal and financial biases may influence psychedelic research outcomes and interpretations.

## Abstract

Psychedelic research has experienced a renaissance in recent years, with many researchers exploring the possible therapeutic effects of these drugs. Medical institutions, universities, pharmaceutical companies, and governmental institutions alike have been showing an increase in support of this research, as shown through the recent establishment of various psychedelic research facilities across the United States. However, the safety and efficacy of psychedelic usage are not the focus of the existing research. Additionally, many of the studies on psychedelic use that have already been published lack the necessary scientific rigor required for studies of such medical importance. The current paper will discuss the issue of misleading information as well as poorly designed studies and what implications these have on the rescheduling of psychedelic drugs that are currently categorized as Schedule I. The current Schedule I status of psychedelics means that they are considered to have no legitimate medical value as well as a high potential for abuse. Furthermore, the current paper aims to discuss psychedelics while drawing awareness to the lack of the literature surrounding the safety and efficacy of psychedelics for medical use. This paper will also discuss the history of psychedelic use and abuse, the adverse effects of psychedelic use, and the role that personal and financial bias has within the psychedelic research field.

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** muscle rigidity (MESH:D009127), anxiety disorders (MESH:D001008), Heart Valve Disease (MESH:D006349), sleep disturbance (MESH:D012893), injuries (MESH:D014947), phencyclidine use disorder (MESH:D010623), amnesia (MESH:D000647), neurotoxic (MESH:D020258), blindness (MESH:D001766), hallucinatory (MESH:C000726587), high blood pressure (MESH:D006973), PTSD (MESH:D013313), LSD (MESH:D011015), overdose (MESH:D062787), mood-related disorders (MESH:D019964), rheumatism (MESH:D012216), toothaches (MESH:D014098), stomach pain (MESH:D013272), nausea or vomiting (MESH:D020250), aggressive behavior (MESH:D010554), withdrawal symptoms (MESH:D013375), impairments in memory (MESH:D008569), uropathy (MESH:C536483), abdominal pain (MESH:D015746), anxiety (MESH:D001007), irregular heart function (MESH:D008599), dissociation (MESH:D004213), seizures (MESH:D012640), Long QT Syndrome (MESH:D008133), diarrhea (MESH:D003967), dangerous behavior and injuries (MESH:D001523), confusion (MESH:D003221), Addiction (MESH:D019966), psychosis (MESH:D011618), impaired judgment and (MESH:D060825), fever (MESH:D005334), mania (MESH:D001714), schizophrenia (MESH:D012559), Psychedelic-Related Disorders (MESH:D019973), Visual and auditory hallucinations (MESH:D006212), conditions (MESH:D020763), damage to axons (MESH:D001480), treatment-resistant depression (MESH:D061218), function (MESH:D003291), nausea (MESH:D009325), Depression (MESH:D003866), vomiting (MESH:D014839), panic (MESH:D016584), headache (MESH:D006261), Major Depressive Disorder (MESH:D003865), deficits in memory, speech, and cognition (MESH:D003072), Suicidal Ideation (MESH:D001072), injury to people or property (MESH:C000719191), PCP use disorder (MESH:D011020), HPPD (MESH:C535473), death (MESH:D003643), Perry's overdose (MESH:C566822), pressure (MESH:D003668), -5 (MESH:D008232), Serotonin toxicity (MESH:D020230)
- **Chemicals:** phenethylamines (MESH:D010627), niacin (MESH:D009525), tryptophan (MESH:D014364), Esketamine (MESH:C000629870), LSD (MESH:D008238), dizocilpine (MESH:D016291), Indole alkaloids (MESH:D026121), MDMA (MESH:D018817), amino acid (MESH:D000596), methamphetamine (MESH:D008694), serotonin (MESH:D012701), PCP (MESH:D010622), alkaloids (MESH:D000470), escitalopram (MESH:D000089983), tryptamines (MESH:D014363), Substances (MESH:C012600), cyclohexylamine (MESH:D003514), Ketamine (MESH:D007649), ibogaine (MESH:D007050), mescaline (MESH:D008635), Serotonergic (-), DMT (MESH:D004130), Psilocybin (MESH:D011562), Thorazine (MESH:D002746), ergolines (MESH:D004873), lysergic acid amide (MESH:C016543), Alcohol (MESH:D000438), cocaine (MESH:D003042)
- **Species:** Ipomoea violacea (beach moonflower, species) [taxon 398502], Nicotiana tabacum (American tobacco, species) [taxon 4097], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

## Full text

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## References

78 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC11855591/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC11855591