# Morphogenetic Identification of a New Record Condica capensis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Yunnan, China

## TL;DR

A new pest, Condica capensis, was identified in Yunnan, China, threatening safflower crops and requiring effective management strategies.

## Contribution

This study confirms Condica capensis as a new record in Yunnan and provides insights into its biology and potential control methods.

## Key findings

- Condica capensis was confirmed in Yunnan using morphological and molecular analyses.
- The pest damages safflower plants, especially during the larval stage.
- Parasitic wasps like Cotesia sp. are potential natural enemies for biological control.

## Abstract

Safflower is a valuable crop used in various industries, but it suffers from pest attacks. Recently, Condica capensis, a pest previously unreported in China, was found in Yunnan Province. Our study examines its physical and biological traits, life cycle, and natural enemies. By identifying and understanding this pest, we aim to help farmers and researchers effectively manage and control its spread, ensuring healthy safflower cultivation.

Condica capensis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a newly identified pest in Yunnan Province, China, poses a threat to safflower crops. Discovered in Nanhua County in November 2023, the pest damages safflower at multiple life stages, especially during its larval stage, when it feeds on leaves, tender stems, and flower filaments, sometimes causing the entire plant to die. Morphological and molecular analyses, including mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I (COI) gene sequencing, confirmed its identity as C. capensis, a new species record for Yunnan. The study also documented the pest’s life cycle, reproductive behavior, and natural enemies, highlighting the potential for biological control using parasitic wasps such as Cotesia sp. This research emphasizes the need for accurate pest identification and monitoring to develop effective, sustainable pest management strategies. As safflower cultivation grows in Yunnan, managing C. capensis is critical to safeguarding local agriculture and preventing broader agricultural threats.