# A Bioinspired Multi-Level Numerical Model of the Tibiofemoral Joint for Biomechanical and Biomimetic Applications

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a detailed 3D model of the human knee joint that mimics natural biomechanics for use in medical and design applications.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is a bioinspired finite element model of the tibiofemoral joint with transversely isotropic materials and realistic anatomical structures.

## Key findings

- Maximum medial tibial cartilage contact pressure reaches 16.75 MPa at 25% of the stance phase.
- Maximum femoral cartilage pressure is 10.57 MPa at 75% of the stance phase.
- The model correlates strongly with in vivo and in vitro data for potential clinical use.

## Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive three-dimensional finite element (FE) model inspired by the biomechanics of the human knee, specifically the tibiofemoral joint during the gait cycle. Drawing from natural biological systems, the model integrates bio-inspired elements, including transversely isotropic materials, to replicate the anisotropic properties of ligaments and cartilage, along with anatomically realistic bone and meniscus structures. This dual-material approach ensures a physiologically accurate representation of knee mechanics under varying conditions. The model effectively captures key biomechanical parameters, including a maximum medial tibial cartilage contact pressure of 16.75 MPa at 25% of the stance phase and a maximum femoral cartilage pressure of 10.57 MPa at 75% of the stance phase. Furthermore, its strong correlation with in vivo and in vitro data highlights its potential for clinical applications in orthopedics, such as pre-surgical planning and post-operative assessments. By bridging the gap between biomechanics and bioinspired design, this research contributes significantly to the field of biomimetics and offers a robust simulation tool for enhancing joint protection strategies and optimizing implant designs.