# The Application of Surface Luminance Distribution Measurements to the Evaluation of Neoplastic Lesions of the Prostate Gland

## TL;DR

This study explores a new method using surface luminance measurements to detect prostate cancer with high reliability.

## Contribution

A novel diagnostic method using surface luminance distribution to identify prostate cancer with high compatibility to histopathology.

## Key findings

- Surface luminance analysis showed significant differences in maximum luminance between cancerous and non-cancerous prostate tissue samples.
- The method achieved 87.50% reliability and 95.65% compatibility with histopathological results.
- A luminance threshold of 1100 cd/m² provided the highest sensitivity and specificity for cancer detection.

## Abstract

Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in men. An important role in the successful fight against prostate cancer is played by modern diagnostic methods. The aim of the study undertaken was to assess the feasibility of using an integrated bench for the measurement and analysis of surface luminance distribution to identify neoplastic lesions in samples taken from prostate glands. Tissue sections removed during radical prostatectomy procedures were used in the study. The results were compared with microscopic histopathological examination as a reference test. The tests carried out showed that the surface luminance distribution analysis method allows the identification of neoplastic structural tissue changes in prostate samples. The method has a high reliability index of 87.50% and a 95.65% probability of compatibility with the results of the reference histopathological examination. The results indicate that the method can be a tool to help diagnose prostate cancer.

Objective: The aim of the retrospective study undertaken was to assess the feasibility of using an integrated bench for the measurement and analysis of surface luminance distribution to identify neoplastic lesions in samples collected from prostate glands. Methods: The material for the study consisted of tissue sections taken from prostate glands removed during radical prostatectomy. Tissues were collected from 30 patients aged 55–80 years with localised prostate cancer (well-differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma) with a TNM pathological stage of pT2c. Two samples were taken from each patient, one containing cancerous tissue and one with benign hyperplasia. 27 out of 30 samples with cancerous tissue and 21 out of 30 samples with benign hyperplasia qualified for the experiment. Unfixed and unstained samples were used in the experiment. A measurement of the surface luminance distribution was recorded on the samples and analysed. The results were statistically analysed to determine the compliance of the results obtained by the surface luminance distribution measurement and by microscopic histopathological analysis. The strength of the relationship between the methods was determined by the sensitivity and specificity index using a 95% confidence interval. Results: The study showed significant differences between the arithmetic means of the maximum luminance recorded on the surface of samples containing cancerous tissue (1188.4 cd/m2, SD = 19.02) and without neoplastic lesions (1091 cd/m2, SD = 27.3). Statistical analysis confirmed that the difference between the means was statistically significant. The highest sensitivity and specificity values were obtained for a luminance threshold of Lmax = 1100 cd/m2. The reliability of the test for the designated threshold was 87.50%. It is worth noting the very high probability of a positive result obtained with the luminance measurement being as high as 95.65% compatible with a positive result obtained with the reference histopathological examination. Conclusions: The study showed significant differences in the maximum luminance values for samples that contained cancerous tissue and samples without neoplastic lesions, which allows for their differentiation. It has been proven that the method tested has a high reliability index of 87.50% and a 95.65% probability of compatibility with the results of the reference histopathological examination.