# Mechanisms Underlying the Stimulation of DUSP10/MKP5 Expression in Chondrocytes by High Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid

## TL;DR

This study explores how high molecular weight hyaluronic acid protects cartilage by boosting DUSP10/MKP5 expression through multiple signaling pathways and microRNA regulation.

## Contribution

The paper identifies novel regulatory mechanisms involving PI3K/Akt, RhoA-ROK signaling, and miRNAs in HMW-HA-induced DUSP10/MKP5 expression in chondrocytes.

## Key findings

- HMW-HA induces Akt phosphorylation via CD44 and PI3K/Akt signaling.
- HMW-HA suppresses miR-92a, miR-181a, and miR-181d, which negatively regulate DUSP10/MKP5.
- HMW-HA activates RhoA-ROK signaling, contributing to Akt phosphorylation.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Previously, we reported that high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) exerts chondroprotective effects by enhancing dual specificity protein phosphatase 10/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase 5 (DUSP10/MKP5) expression and suppressing inflammatory cytokine-induced matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) expression in a human immortalized chondrocyte line (C28/I2 cells) via inhibition of MAPKs. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhancement of DUSP10/MKP5 expression by HMW-HA in C28/I2 cells. Methods: C28/I2 cells were treated with HMW-HA, and the activation of intracellular signaling molecules was determined using Western blot analysis. The expression levels of mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) were evaluated through real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis. Results: HMW-HA treatment induced Akt phosphorylation via interaction with CD44, and pretreatment with specific inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling attenuated the HMW-HA-induced expression of DUSP10/MKP5. HMW-HA suppressed the expression of miR-92a, miR-181a, and miR-181d. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function analyses of these miRNAs indicate that miR-92a, miR-181a, and miR-181d negatively regulate DUSP10/MKP5 expression. Moreover, HMW-HA-induced Akt phosphorylation was partially suppressed by miR-181a and miR-181d mimics. Finally, we found that HMW-HA activates RhoA-associated protein kinase (ROK) signaling, which contributes to Akt phosphorylation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the induction of DUSP10/MKP5 expression by HMW-HA binding to CD44, leading to MMP13 suppression, involves multiple regulatory mechanisms, including PI3K/Akt and RhoA-activated ROK signaling, in addition to miRNA-mediated regulation. Elucidating these detailed molecular mechanisms may reveal novel biological activities that contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of HMW-HA against osteoarthritis.