# Effect of Fertilization on the Performance of Adult Pinus pinea Trees

## TL;DR

Fertilization significantly boosts the growth and cone production of 30-year-old stone pine trees in Chile.

## Contribution

Demonstrates that adult Pinus pinea trees respond positively to fertilization in terms of growth and productivity.

## Key findings

- Fertilization increased DBH annual growth by 35% compared to the control.
- Cone production was 3 times higher in fertilized trees.
- Fertilization is a useful practice to enhance productivity in stone pine plantations.

## Abstract

Pinus pinea (stone pine) is a multipurpose Mediterranean species with interesting potential given its high growth and good adaptation in several countries, including Chile. Its greatest value lies in the production of cones, which contain pine nuts of high nutritional value. In general, its cultivation is carried out in unmanaged forests and plantations, with intensive management techniques being studied to stimulate diameter growth, which is positively related to fruit production. We evaluated the effect of fertilization in a 30-year-old plantation and found significant effects of fertilization on DBH annual growth (35% higher than the control) and in cone production (3 times higher). The results showed that fertilization is a useful practice to improve the productivity of the species.

Background: Pinus pinea L. (stone pine) produces pine nuts of high value. Its cultivation is carried out in forests and plantations, with intensive management techniques being studied to stimulate diameter growth, which is positively related to cone production. Aims: To evaluate the effect of fertilization in a 30-year-old plantation and to understand if adult trees respond to nutritional management. Methods: A trial with completely randomized block design was established with two treatments (fertilization/control) and three repetitions. The plantation, with a density of 204 trees/ha, is located in central Chile, on a sandy-loam soil with neutral pH, medium organic matter content, and a fertility condition that limits tree development. Fertilization considered the repeated application of macro (N, P, K, S, Mg) and micronutrients (B, Fe, and Zn). Periodic measurements of height, stem and crown diameter, and cone production were made up to age 36. Cone production was evaluated using mixed generalized linear models and growth variables using ANOVA (analysis of variance). Results: Significant effects of fertilization on DBH annual growth (35% higher than the control, p < 0.001) and in cone production (3 times higher, p < 0.0001) were found. Conclusions: Fertilization is a useful practice to improve the growth and cone productivity of the species.