# Descriptive Analysis of Inpatient Pharmacist Interventions at a Tertiary Care Military Hospital in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

## TL;DR

This study examines how inpatient pharmacists at a Saudi military hospital identify and address medication errors, showing their impact on improving patient care.

## Contribution

The study provides empirical data on pharmacist interventions in a military hospital setting in Saudi Arabia, highlighting error types and physician acceptance rates.

## Key findings

- Approximately 13.6% of pharmacist interventions were accepted by physicians.
- Nutrition and blood medications were the most common intervention areas.
- Antimicrobial prescriptions required significant pharmacist input to address drug resistance.

## Abstract

Background

Medication errors can be categorized into five main categories: prescribing, compounding, dispensing, distribution, and administration. Prescribing errors, including wrong indication, dose, frequency, and route of administration, are the most prevalent preventable medication errors. Over the past decades, pharmacists' role in minimizing such errors has grown with the development of pharmaceutical care. Thus, emphasizing pharmacists' interventions regarding prescribed medications is essential.

Aims

This study evaluated the frequency and types of medication errors addressed by in-patient pharmacists, as well as the acceptance of these interventions by physicians at King Fahd Military Medical Complex (KFMMC) in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

Methods

This is a retrospective study that analyzed data on inpatient pharmacists' interventions at KFMMC. All inpatient prescriptions from January to December 2022 were involved in the study. Primary data collected from the inpatient pharmacy system include pharmacist intervention type, doctor's action, ward, dosage, medication classification, and whether it falls under high-alert medication. Data was tabulated in Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) and analyzed using SPSS version 27 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

A total of 9594 pharmacy interventions were analyzed. Approximately 1300 (13.6%) of the pharmacist interventions were approved by the physicians. The rate of clinical intervention was 563 (5.9%). More than half of the interventions were from the specialty ward (N=5261; 55.1%). The intervention rate for intravenous dosage was 4837 (50.4%), and 2028 (21.1%) of the medication was considered high alert. The top three most common medication interventions were related to nutrition and blood (N=2268; 23.6%), followed by antimicrobial medications (N=2243; 23.4%) and gastrointestinal medications (N=1731; 18%). Moreover, most of the clinical interventions were related to antimicrobial medicines. No significant relationships were observed between the medication classes and the doctor’s action (p=0.087).

Conclusion

This study highlights the critical role of pharmacist intervention in reducing medication errors. Nutrition and blood medications were most prescribed due to the critical conditions of hospitalized patients, while antimicrobial prescriptions required pharmacist input to optimize therapy and address drug resistance. Pharmacist intervention detected significant errors such as wrong dose, duplication, and frequency, improving patient outcomes and collaboration with physicians, ultimately enhancing healthcare quality at KFMMC. Future research should analyze outpatient pharmacist interventions and strategies for addressing pending interventions.