Normative Data for In-Hand Manipulation Skill Test for Children: A Study From Southern India
Rahiba C K, Renukadevi Mahadevan, Vijay S Raj V

TL;DR
This study provides normative data for in-hand manipulation skills in children aged 3-9 from Kerala, India, to help assess motor development.
Contribution
The paper presents the first normative values for the Test of In-Hand Manipulation in children from southern India.
Findings
Children aged 6-8 scored the maximum range for all IHM components.
Younger children (3-4 years) used compensatory methods and had difficulty following instructions.
No significant gender differences were found in IHM performance within the same age group.
Abstract
Background: In-hand manipulation skills (IHMS) are components of fine motor skills that are routinely used by children and adults during activities of daily living, recreation, and work. The only readily available tool to comprehensively assess in-hand manipulation (IHM) in children between the ages of three and nine is the test of in-hand manipulation (TIHM). However, like any norm-referenced test, TIHM requires normative values for accurate interpretation. Unfortunately, normative data for TIHM is not currently available. Objective: The objective is to develop normative values of TIHM in typical children between three and nine years of age in Kerala. Methodology: This study included 793 children. The inclusion criteria included girls and boys between three and nine years of age. Cluster sampling was used for data collection. The whole activity sequence was videotaped and analyzed…
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Taxonomy
TopicsBehavioral and Psychological Studies · Children's Physical and Motor Development · Writing and Handwriting Education
