Differences in Tooth Development in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

TL;DR

This study finds that children with unilateral clefts have delayed tooth development and lower dental age compared to non-cleft peers.

Contribution

The study identifies specific tooth types and sides affected by delayed mineralization in unilateral cleft patients.

Findings

Cleft patients had a significantly lower dental age than controls, with a mean difference of 0.69 years.

Tooth development was slower on the cleft side, and maxillary teeth lagged behind mandibular teeth.

Significant mineralization differences were observed in lateral incisors, central incisors, and canines in UCLP patients.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate tooth development in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and unilateral cleft lip and alveolus (UCLA).

A retrospective case–control study was carried out; 180 panoramic radiographs (OPGs) from non‐syndromic patients (160 UCLP, 20 UCLA) treated at the University Medical Center Mainz (2019–2022) were analyzed. Patients were matched to a control group by calendar age, gender, and ethnicity. Inclusion criteria were verified through clinical data, photographs, and radiographs. No follow‐up was conducted for this study.

The cleft group showed a significantly lower dental age compared to the control group (10.72 ± 2.65 vs. 11.41 ± 2.79; p = 0.017), with a mean difference of 0.69 years (95% CI: 0.13–1.25 years). Tooth development was slower on the cleft side (p = 0.001), and maxillary teeth lagged behind mandibular teeth (p < 0.001). The difference in the control group was somewhat smaller, with a mean difference of 0.11 degrees of mineralization in the control group compared to 0.25 degrees of mineralization in the cleft group. In UCLP patients, significant mineralization differences were noted for the lateral incisors (p = 0.004), the central incisor (p = 0.047), and canine (p = 0.030).

Patients with unilateral clefts show delayed tooth development and dental age, particularly in the affected quadrant. In everyday treatment, attention should be paid to a later start of orthodontic tooth movement to avoid damaging the slower developing roots.

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