# An analytical delay model for multi-class and lane-free traffic condition

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new delay model for signalized intersections in multi-class and lane-free traffic conditions, improving accuracy by considering diverse vehicle types and movement patterns.

## Contribution

The novel delay equation integrates queuing theory with multi-class and lane-free traffic characteristics specific to Indian conditions.

## Key findings

- The proposed model outperforms conventional delay models in estimating intersection delays.
- Incorporating PCE and virtual lane concepts improves accuracy for diverse vehicle classes.
- The model highlights the importance of traffic-specific features in signal design optimization.

## Abstract

This study emphasises the criticality of delay as a performance metric for signalized intersections and the challenges associated with its estimation, particularly in the context of Multi-class and Lane-free (MCLF) traffic conditions. Traditional delay models are often inadequate for such conditions, necessitating the development of a tailored approach. A novel delay equation is proposed, integrating insights from queuing theory principles with consideration of multi-class of vehicles and lane-free movement. Key features include assumption of random arrival and departure pattern as well as distribution, incorporation of Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) and virtual lane concepts to account for the diverse vehicle classes and lane-free movement prevalent in Indian traffic. The model’s efficacy is demonstrated through comparison with conventional in practice delay models, showing its superior performance. This tailored approach enhances the accuracy of delay estimation and also highlights the importance of accounting for specific traffic characteristics in optimising signal design for intersections under MCLF traffic conditions.