# State-trace analysis meets personality measurement: Why the Big Five tests are not based on five latent dimensions and how to fix them

## TL;DR

This paper shows how a mathematical method called state-trace analysis can improve personality tests by checking if items truly measure a single trait.

## Contribution

The paper introduces state-trace analysis as a novel and rigorous tool to evaluate unidimensionality in personality measurement.

## Key findings

- Many items in the five-factor model violate the monotonicity criterion required for unidimensionality.
- Significant revisions to items are needed to maintain the five-factor model's validity.
- State-trace analysis offers a practical and generalizable approach for improving personality tests.

## Abstract

Unidimensionality is a fundamental yet often overlooked prerequisite for measurement. In the context of psychological measurement, the central question is whether a set of items can be logically reduced to a single latent factor. This study advocates for the application of state-trace analysis, an underutilized method from mathematical psychology, as a decisive tool to address this question. State-trace analysis provides a simple, general, and rigorous criterion for unidimensionality: monotonicity between item pairs. Identifying items within a factor that violate this criterion is straightforward, offering a practical approach to evaluating unidimensionality. This paper demonstrates the utility of state-trace analysis through exemplary applications within the framework of the five-factor model, analyzing data from the International Personality Item Pool-NEO-120 (N = 618, 000) and the NEO Personality Inventory–Revised (N1 = 857, N2 = 500). The findings reveal that maintaining the five-factor model requires significant revisions to numerous items, highlighting the potential of state-trace analysis to enhance personality measurement beyond existing methodologies. The paper concludes by discussing strategies to promote broader adoption of this method and how future designs in personality research can be tailored to effectively incorporate state-trace analysis.