# Density-dependence and different dimensions of changing weather shape adult abundance patterns of common mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Bloomington, Indiana, USA

## TL;DR

The study explores how weather changes and population density affect mosquito abundance in Indiana, revealing varied responses among species.

## Contribution

The study introduces a nuanced approach to understanding mosquito population dynamics using weather variables and density dependence.

## Key findings

- Three mosquito species were sensitive to relative humidity, one to rainfall variability, and one to temperature extremes.
- Density dependence was found to be a common factor across all studied mosquito species.
- Cx. pipiens showed no association with weather variables, highlighting species-specific responses.

## Abstract

Understanding the factors driving changes in mosquito abundance are key to quantify the risk they pose as vectors of pathogens. Here, to study the impacts of weather changes and density-dependent regulation on mosquito species abundance, we used season long weekly time series of Aedes japonicus (Theobald), Aedes triseriatus (Say), Aedes vexans (Meigen), Anopheles punctipennis (Say), Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker), and Culex pipiens L., common mosquito species in the Bloomington, IN, USA, area. We use the forced Ricker model to estimate population growth and density-dependence parameters, as well as the forcing by weather variables. We found that weather factors important for the population dynamics of these species were different. We found that Cx. pipiens population dynamics was not associated with any weather variables, while Ae. japonicus, Ae. triseriatus and Cq. perturbans were forced by relative humidity, Ae. vexans by SD of rainfall, and An. punctipennis by the kurtosis of temperature. These results illustrate the diversity of ways in which mosquitoes can respond to changing weather patterns and highlight the need for a more nuanced understanding of how mosquitoes respond to climate change by coupling field studies with mathematical modeling.

Image 1

•We use the Ricker model to study density dependence and weather forcing in common Midwest USA mosquito species.•We consider rainfall, relative humidity and temperature as weather variables.•We consider the forcing impact of average and higher order moments (SD and kurtosis) of those weather variables.•Three species were sensitive to relative humidity, one to the SD of rainfall and one to temperature kurtosis.•Results show the ubiquity of density dependence in mosquitoes with different responses to changing weather patterns.

We use the Ricker model to study density dependence and weather forcing in common Midwest USA mosquito species.

We consider rainfall, relative humidity and temperature as weather variables.

We consider the forcing impact of average and higher order moments (SD and kurtosis) of those weather variables.

Three species were sensitive to relative humidity, one to the SD of rainfall and one to temperature kurtosis.

Results show the ubiquity of density dependence in mosquitoes with different responses to changing weather patterns.