# Understanding High-Functioning Depression in Adults

## TL;DR

This study explores high-functioning depression in adults, finding links between anhedonia, trauma, and personal characteristics like marital status and education.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific clinical correlates of high-functioning depression, including anhedonia and trauma, and their associations with demographic factors.

## Key findings

- Higher anhedonia scores were linked to higher HFD scores and trauma inventory scores.
- Married or partnered participants had higher anhedonia scores than single participants.
- Higher education levels were associated with fewer reported big traumas.

## Abstract

Introduction: High-functioning depression (HFD) is described as experiencing depressive symptoms such as fatigue, anhedonia, poor concentration, guilt, restlessness, sleep disturbances, and appetite changes without experiencing a lack of functioning or significant distress. The purpose of this study is to characterize the clinical correlates of HFD.

Methods: This study entailed a descriptive, cross-sectional design based on interviews administered to120 English-speaking participants with HFD (aged 18-75). The interview involved administering a semi-structured HFD Analysis Questionnaire, the Joseph HFD Inventory, the HFD Trauma Inventory, and the Joseph HFD Anhedonia Scale in a single, 30-minute session for each participant. Big traumas, defined as extremely traumatic events, were analyzed by the trauma inventory.

Results: Out of the 120 participants, 72 (60%) demonstrated HFD, and 17 (14%) demonstrated very HFD. A correlation was observed between symptoms of HFD, such as anhedonia and marital status, as post hoc tests showed that the average Anhedonia Scale score was higher for married or partnered participants than those who were single (p=0.038). As anticipated, the participants with higher Anhedonia Scale scores had higher HFD scores (p=0.003). These participants also experienced higher trauma inventory scores and big traumas. Furthermore, as participant education level increased, the number of big traumas reported decreased (p<0.001). Participants who were parents/caregivers of children also had the highest Anhedonia Scale and HFD scores (p=0.0126 and p=0.0210, respectively).

Conclusion: The results supported the hypothesis that individuals with HFD have increased levels of anhedonia and trauma. However, trauma scores were inversely associated with education level in HFD.