# Three-Dimensional Models: Biomimetic Tools That Recapitulate Breast Tissue Architecture and Microenvironment to Study Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Transition to Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer

## TL;DR

This paper reviews 3D models that mimic breast tissue to study how non-invasive breast cancer can become invasive, aiming to improve diagnosis and treatment.

## Contribution

The paper introduces biomimetic 3D models to study DCIS progression and highlights their potential as pre-clinical tools.

## Key findings

- 3D models can replicate the breast cancer microenvironment and study malignant progression.
- The role of CAFs and ECM in DCIS transition is better understood using these models.
- Emerging technologies like tumor-on-chip models offer new clinical insights.

## Abstract

Diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) presents a challenge as we cannot yet distinguish between those lesions that remain dormant from cases that may progress to invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC) and require therapeutic intervention. Our overall interest is to develop biomimetic three-dimensional (3D) models that more accurately recapitulate the structure and characteristics of pre-invasive breast cancer in order to study the underlying mechanisms driving malignant progression. These models allow us to mimic the microenvironment to investigate many aspects of mammary cell biology, including the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the interaction between carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and epithelial cells, and the dynamics of cytoskeletal reorganization. In this review article, we outline the significance of 3D culture models as reliable pre-clinical tools that mimic the in vivo tumor microenvironment and facilitate the study of DCIS lesions as they progress to invasive breast cancer. We also discuss the role of CAFs and other stromal cells in DCIS transition as well as the clinical significance of emerging technologies like tumor-on-chip and co-culture models.