# Micro- and Mesoplastic Consumption Tendency of Exaiptasia diaphana Sea Anemones

## TL;DR

Sea anemones Exaiptasia diaphana can consume microplastics, but fibers are harder to ingest and cause harm, leading to higher mortality.

## Contribution

Demonstrates the consumption tendency and harmful effects of micro- and mesoplastics in Exaiptasia diaphana for the first time.

## Key findings

- 67% of anemones could not consume 13 mm long plastic fibers.
- Ingestion of polypropylene fragments caused mechanical injury and increased mortality.
- Fibers were less readily consumed than plastic fragments.

## Abstract

The small size of micro- and mesoplastics and their significant occurrence in aquatic environments leads to a high probability of continuous uptake of fragments or fibers by a number of marine organisms. We indicated that sea anemones Exaiptasia diaphana, widely distributed in coastal waters, tide pools, coral reefs and artificial ecosystems such as aquaria, are able to consume polypropylene fragments and polyethylene fibers. In our experiment, fibers were less readily consumed than fragments and 67% of the studied animals were unable to consume long mesofibers. The ingestion of polypropylene fragments provided with food caused mechanical injury to the body column of sea anemones and significantly increased their mortality.

Microplastics are an increasingly common threat to the aquatic environment, and, due to their small size, it is easy for them to spread and enter the seas and oceans. Micro- and mesoplastic particles are often ingested by marine organisms, especially those that have the potential for successful settlement on artificial substrata, including plastic. In laboratory experiments, we tested the tendency of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana to consume plastic fragments and fibers of various sizes and shapes; these organisms are widely distributed in coastal waters, tide pools, and coral reefs. The plastic fragments and fibers were placed either in natural food or covered with a special food in gel form, which allowed them to retain their original shape. Our studies have shown that plastic in the shape of fibers is less readily consumed than in the form of fragments. The E. diaphana anemones with oral discs of diameter 10–12 mm had difficulty consuming long fibers. A total of 67% of the studied animals were unable to consume fibers of 13 mm length, while those of 3 and 7 mm length were consumed by 100% of the sea anemones. We have also established that microplastics taken with food are harmful to these cnidarians: mechanical injury to the body column was caused by the ingested polypropylene microfragments, and we also observed significantly increased mortality. Injuries, combined with the possible toxicological effects of the polymers, may have been the cause of increased mortality of the Exaiptasia diaphana.