The genome sequence of the Bird-cherry Ermine moth, Yponomeuta evonymella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Douglas Boyes, Callum Murray, Stephan Koblmüller, Yu-Feng Huang
TL;DR
This paper presents the genome sequence of the Bird-cherry Ermine moth, including its chromosomal structure and mitochondrial genome.
Contribution
The study provides a high-quality genome assembly with scaffolded chromosomes and a complete mitochondrial genome for Yponomeuta evonymella.
Findings
The genome assembly is 572.70 megabases long and scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules.
The mitochondrial genome is 16.16 kilobases in length and has been fully assembled.
The assembly includes trivalent sex chromosomes Z1, Z2, and W.
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Yponomeuta evonymella (the Bird-cherry Ermine; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Yponomeutidae). The genome sequence has a total length of 572.70 megabases. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the trivalent sex chromosomes Z 1, Z 2 and W. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.16 kilobases in length.
Genes, proteins, chemicals, diseases, species, mutations and cell lines named across the full text — each resolved to its canonical identifier and authoritative record.
Click any figure to enlarge with its caption.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5| Project information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
| ||
|
| PRJEB67425 | ||
|
| SAMEA7701507 | ||
|
| 2567737 | ||
| Specimen information | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ilYpoEvon2 | SAMEA7701689 | Whole organism |
|
| ilYpoEvon2 | SAMEA7701689 | Whole organism |
| Sequencing information | |||
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ERR12121877 | 5.68e+08 | 85.78 |
|
| ERR12120049 | 4.30e+06 | 48.16 |
| Genome assembly | ||
|---|---|---|
| Assembly name | ilYpoEvon2.1 | |
| Assembly accession | GCA_963969515.1 | |
|
|
| |
| Span (Mb) | 572.70 | |
| Number of contigs | 197 | |
| Contig N50 length (Mb) | 8.5 | |
| Number of scaffolds | 56 | |
| Scaffold N50 length (Mb) | 20.0 | |
| Longest scaffold (Mb) | 23.83 | |
| Assembly metrics
|
| |
| Consensus quality (QV) | 63.8 |
|
|
| 100.0% |
|
| BUSCO
| C:96.7%[S:96.3%,D:0.4%],
|
|
| Percentage of assembly
| 99.86% |
|
| Sex chromosomes | Z 1, Z 2, W |
|
| Organelles | Mitochondrial genome:
|
|
| INSDC accession | Name | Length (Mb) | GC% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 23.83 | 38.5 | |
| 2 | 23.29 | 39.0 | |
| 3 | 20.6 | 39.0 | |
| 4 | 23.08 | 39.5 | |
| 5 | 21.96 | 39.0 | |
| 6 | 22.22 | 38.5 | |
| 7 | 22.22 | 39.5 | |
| 8 | 22.28 | 39.5 | |
| 9 | 21.24 | 38.5 | |
| 10 | 20.33 | 39.0 | |
| 11 | 20.11 | 39.0 | |
| 12 | 19.89 | 39.5 | |
| 13 | 19.86 | 39.0 | |
| 14 | 20.98 | 39.0 | |
| 15 | 19.84 | 39.0 | |
| 16 | 19.96 | 39.0 | |
| 17 | 18.61 | 39.0 | |
| 18 | 19.41 | 39.0 | |
| 19 | 18.66 | 39.0 | |
| 20 | 18.18 | 39.5 | |
| 21 | 17.67 | 39.5 | |
| 22 | 14.71 | 39.0 | |
| 23 | 15.38 | 39.5 | |
| 24 | 14.28 | 39.0 | |
| 25 | 13.42 | 39.5 | |
| 26 | 12.37 | 39.5 | |
| 28 | 9.32 | 41.0 | |
| 29 | 8.53 | 40.5 | |
| 30 | 8.95 | 40.0 | |
| W | 12.68 | 41.0 | |
| MT | 0.02 | 17.5 | |
| Z1 | 23.24 | 39.0 | |
| Z2 | 3.84 | 40.0 |
| Software tool | Version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| BEDTools | 2.30.0 |
|
| BLAST | 2.14.0 |
|
| BlobToolKit | 4.3.7 |
|
| BUSCO | 5.4.3 and 5.5.0 |
|
| bwa-mem2 | 2.2.1 |
|
| Cooler | 0.8.11 |
|
| DIAMOND | 2.1.8 |
|
| fasta_windows | 0.2.4 |
|
| FastK | 427104ea91c78c3b8b8b49f1a7d6bbeaa869ba1c |
|
| Gfastats | 1.3.6 |
|
| GoaT CLI | 0.2.5 |
|
| Hifiasm | 0.19.5-r587 |
|
| HiGlass | 44086069ee7d4d3f6f3f0012569789ec138f42b84
|
|
| Merqury.FK | d00d98157618f4e8d1a9190026b19b471055b22e |
|
| MitoHiFi | 3 |
|
| MultiQC | 1.14, 1.17, and 1.18 |
|
| NCBI Datasets | 15.12.0 |
|
| Nextflow | 23.04.0-5857 |
|
| PretextView | 0.2 |
|
| purge_dups | 1.2.5 |
|
| samtools | 1.16.1, 1.17, and 1.18 |
|
| sanger-tol/ascc | - |
|
| sanger-tol/genomenote | 1.1.1 |
|
| sanger-tol/readmapping | 1.2.1 |
|
| Seqtk | 1.3 |
|
| Singularity | 3.9.0 |
|
| TreeVal | 1.0.0 |
|
| YaHS | 1.2a.2 |
|
- —Wellcome Trust
Peer Reviews
No public reviews on file for this paper yet. If you reviewed it on a platform where reviews are public (OpenReview, ICLR, NeurIPS, ICML), you can paste yours below so the community can read it here.
Videos
No videos yet. Explain this paper in a talk, walkthrough, or lecture? Add one.
Taxonomy
TopicsLepidoptera: Biology and Taxonomy · Insect Resistance and Genetics · Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
Species taxonomy
Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Mandibulata; Pancrustacea; Hexapoda; Insecta; Dicondylia; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Amphiesmenoptera; Lepidoptera; Glossata; Neolepidoptera; Heteroneura; Ditrysia; Yponomeutoidea; Yponomeutidae; Yponomeutinae; Yponomeuta; Yponomeuta evonymella (Linnaeus, 1758) (NCBI:txid2567737).
Background
Yponomeuta evonymella (Linnaeus, 1758), is a species of ermine moth identifiable by its white forewings adorned with five longitudinal rows of small black spots and a wingspan of 16–25 mm ( UK Moths, no date). The ermine moth family is named due to the resemblance of the spot pattern to ermine fur. Y. evonymella caterpillars are yellowish-grey with black spots and live in communal webs on bird-cherry trees ( P. padus); the host species in which the species is named.
Y. evonymella is native to the temperate zone in Europe, Siberia, India and China ( Łukowski et al., 2019) and is widely distributed across the Palaearctic region, from east Ireland all the way to Japan ( GBIF Secretariat, 2023; Le & Pemberton, 2009). Y. evonymella is typically monophagous, feeding only on bird-cherry. However, larvae have been observed to feed on the invasive North American black-cherry ( P. serotina) when in close proximity to bird-cherry ( Łukowski et al., 2019). Y. evonymella and other Yponomeuta species have interestingly been observed to utilise acoustic mullerian mimicry; using their hind wings to produce ultrasonic clicking noises when under attack from bats ( O’Reilly et al., 2019).
Adult Y. evonymella lay their eggs on the small twigs and buds of P. padus, covering the egg clusters with a fluid that hardens into a protective shield-like structure ( Leather & Mackenzie, 1994). Once they emerge, the larvae spin large communal web-like nests, often encasing entire trees in a silken netting ( Yonemura & Sehnal, 2006). This can act as a barrier from possible predators such as parasitic wasps, as well as insulation from the weather, allowing large quantities of the caterpillars to participate in group feeding unhindered ( Leather & Mackenzie, 1994; Łukowski et al., 2019). The gregarious feeding often results in significant defoliation of the host plant, especially in years of high population density ( Åström & Haeggström, 2018).
The production of high-quality reference genomes can refine our understanding of phylogenetic relationships and increase the accuracy of phylogenomic analyses ( Triant et al., 2018). Furthermore, it can deepen our understanding of pheromone production and its impact on insect-host relationships ( Liénard et al., 2010) and improve our knowledge of the genes involved in silk production; These are long and difficult to assemble, thus limiting studies on silk composition in lepidopteran species ( Volenikova et al., 2022).
The production of high-quality reference genomes can refine our understanding of Yponomeuta evonymella's phylogenetic relationships and improve phylogenomic analyses ( Triant et al., 2018). This approach can also enhance our insights into pheromone production and its role in insect-host dynamics ( Liénard et al., 2010), as well as facilitate studies on silk production genes, which are often complex and challenging to assemble ( Volenikova et al., 2022).
Genome sequence report
The genome of an adult female Yponomeuta evonymella ( Figure 1) was sequenced using Pacific Biosciences single-molecule HiFi long reads, generating a total of 48.16 Gb (gigabases) from 4.30 million reads, providing approximately 79-fold coverage. Primary assembly contigs were scaffolded with chromosome conformation Hi-C data, which produced 85.78 Gb from 568.05 million reads, yielding an approximate coverage of 150-fold. Specimen and sequencing details are summarised in Table 1.
Photograph of the Yponomeuta evonymella (ilYpoEvon2) specimen used for genome sequencing.
Table 1.: Specimen and sequencing data for Yponomeuta evonymella.
Manual assembly curation corrected 65 missing joins or mis-joins, reducing the scaffold number by 50.43%. The final assembly has a total length of 572.70 Mb in 56 sequence scaffolds, with 140 gaps, and a scaffold N50 of 20.0 Mb ( Table 2). The snail plot in Figure 2 provides a summary of the assembly statistics, while the distribution of assembly scaffolds on GC proportion and coverage is shown in Figure 3. The cumulative assembly plot in Figure 4 shows curves for subsets of scaffolds assigned to different phyla. Most (99.86%) of the assembly sequence was assigned to 32 chromosomal-level scaffolds, representing 29 autosomes and the Z 1, Z 2 and W sex chromosomes. This heterogametic female sample appears to exhibit the sex chromosome trivalent system of n = 29A + AA ^W^Z as described in Nilsson et al. (1988). The half-coverage A component of the trivalent in ilYpoEvon2 has been assigned as chromosome 27Z, this is based on its alignment to chromosome 27Z in the closely related species Yponomeuta cagnagella (GCA_947310995.1). All other chromosomes also are named based on synteny with Yponomeuta cagnagella ( Figure 5; Table 3). The order and orientation of contigs on the W chromosome between 9 Mb and 12.6 Mb is uncertain. While not fully phased, the assembly deposited is of one haplotype. Contigs corresponding to the second haplotype have also been deposited. The mitochondrial genome was also assembled and can be found as a contig within the multifasta file of the genome submission.
Table 2.: Genome assembly data for Yponomeuta evonymella, ilYpoEvon2.1.
Genome assembly of Yponomeuta evonymella, ilYpoEvon2.1: metrics.The BlobToolKit snail plot shows N50 metrics and BUSCO gene completeness. The main plot is divided into 1,000 size-ordered bins around the circumference with each bin representing 0.1% of the 572,742,383 bp assembly. The distribution of scaffold lengths is shown in dark grey with the plot radius scaled to the longest scaffold present in the assembly (23,825,693 bp, shown in red). Orange and pale-orange arcs show the N50 and N90 scaffold lengths (19,958,162 and 12,683,257 bp), respectively. The pale grey spiral shows the cumulative scaffold count on a log scale with white scale lines showing successive orders of magnitude. The blue and pale-blue area around the outside of the plot shows the distribution of GC, AT and N percentages in the same bins as the inner plot. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated and missing BUSCO genes in the lepidoptera_odb10 set is shown in the top right. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/GCA_963969515.1/dataset/GCA_963969515.1/snail.
Genome assembly of Yponomeuta evonymella, ilYpoEvon2.1: BlobToolKit GC-coverage plot.Sequences are coloured by phylum. Circles are sized in proportion to sequence length. Histograms show the distribution of sequence length sum along each axis. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/GCA_963969515.1/dataset/GCA_963969515.1/blob.
Genome assembly of Yponomeuta evonymella ilYpoEvon2.1: BlobToolKit cumulative sequence plot.The grey line shows cumulative length for all sequences. Coloured lines show cumulative lengths of sequences assigned to each phylum using the buscogenes taxrule. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/GCA_963969515.1/dataset/GCA_963969515.1/cumulative.
Genome assembly of Yponomeuta evonymella ilYpoEvon2.1: Hi-C contact map of the ilYpoEvon2.1 assembly, visualised using HiGlass.Chromosomes are shown in order of size from left to right and top to bottom. An interactive version of this figure may be viewed at https://genome-note-higlass.tol.sanger.ac.uk/l/?d=DNhfm4aBR22_LKgvr0dqMg.
Table 3.: Chromosomal pseudomolecules in the genome assembly of Yponomeuta evonymella, ilYpoEvon2.
The estimated Quality Value (QV) of the final assembly is 63.8 with k-mer completeness of 100.0%, and the assembly has a BUSCO v5.4.3 completeness of 96.7% (single = 96.3%, duplicated = 0.4%), using the lepidoptera_odb10 reference set ( n = 5,286).
Metadata for specimens, BOLD barcode results, spectra estimates, sequencing runs, contaminants and pre-curation assembly statistics are given at https://links.tol.sanger.ac.uk/species/2567737.
Methods
Sample acquisition
An adult female Yponomeuta evonymella (specimen ID Ox000645, ToLID ilYpoEvon2) was collected from Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire (biological vice-county Berkshire), UK (latitude 51.77, longitude –1.34) on 2020-07-20 by light trap. The specimen was collected and identified by Douglas Boyes (University of Oxford) and preserved on dry ice.
The initial identification was verified by an additional DNA barcoding process according to the framework developed by Twyford et al. (2024). A small sample was dissected from the specimens and stored in ethanol, while the remaining parts of the specimen were shipped on dry ice to the Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI). The tissue was lysed, the COI marker region was amplified by PCR, and amplicons were sequenced and compared to the BOLD database, confirming the species identification ( Crowley et al., 2023). Following whole genome sequence generation, the relevant DNA barcode region was also used alongside the initial barcoding data for sample tracking at the WSI ( Twyford et al., 2024). The standard operating procedures for Darwin Tree of Life barcoding have been deposited on protocols.io ( Beasley et al., 2023).
Nucleic acid extraction
The workflow for high molecular weight (HMW) DNA extraction at the Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI) Tree of Life Core Laboratory includes a sequence of core procedures: sample preparation and homogenisation, DNA extraction, fragmentation and purification. Detailed protocols are available on protocols.io ( Denton et al., 2023b).
The ilYpoEvon2 sample was weighed and dissected on dry ice ( Jay et al., 2023), and tissue derived from the whole organism was homogenised using a PowerMasher II tissue disruptor ( Denton et al., 2023a).
HMW DNA was extracted in the WSI Scientific Operations core using the Automated MagAttract v2 protocol ( Oatley et al., 2023). The DNA was sheared into an average fragment size of 12–20 kb in a Megaruptor 3 system ( Bates et al., 2023). Sheared DNA was purified by solid-phase reversible immobilisation, using AMPure PB beads to eliminate shorter fragments and concentrate the DNA ( Strickland et al., 2023). The concentration of the sheared and purified DNA was assessed using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer and Qubit Fluorometer using the Qubit dsDNA High Sensitivity Assay kit. Fragment size distribution was evaluated by running the sample on the FemtoPulse system.
Library preparation and sequencing
Pacific Biosciences HiFi circular consensus DNA sequencing libraries were constructed according to the manufacturers’ instructions. DNA sequencing was performed by the Scientific Operations core at the WSI on a Pacific Biosciences Revio instrument.
Hi-C data were generated from remaining whole organism tissue of ilYpoEvon2 using the Arima-HiC v2 kit. In brief, frozen tissue (–80 °C) was fixed, and the DNA crosslinked using a TC buffer containing formaldehyde. The crosslinked DNA was then digested using a restriction enzyme master mix. The 5’-overhangs were then filled in and labelled with a biotinylated nucleotide and proximally ligated. The biotinylated DNA construct was fragmented to a fragment size of 400 to 600 bp using a Covaris E220 sonicator. The DNA was then enriched, barcoded, and amplified using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit, following manufacturers’ instructions. The Hi-C sequencing was performed using paired-end sequencing with a read length of 150 bp on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 instrument.
Genome assembly, curation and evaluation
** Assembly **
The HiFi reads were first assembled using Hifiasm ( Cheng et al., 2021) with the --primary option. Haplotypic duplications were identified and removed using purge_dups ( Guan et al., 2020). The Hi-C reads were mapped to the primary contigs using bwa-mem2 ( Vasimuddin et al., 2019). The contigs were further scaffolded using the provided Hi-C data ( Rao et al., 2014) in YaHS ( Zhou et al., 2023) using the --break option. The scaffolded assemblies were evaluated using Gfastats ( Formenti et al., 2022), BUSCO ( Manni et al., 2021) and MERQURY.FK ( Rhie et al., 2020).
The mitochondrial genome was assembled using MitoHiFi ( Uliano-Silva et al., 2023), which runs MitoFinder ( Allio et al., 2020) and uses these annotations to select the final mitochondrial contig and to ensure the general quality of the sequence.
** Assembly curation **
The assembly was decontaminated using the Assembly Screen for Cobionts and Contaminants (ASCC) pipeline (article in preparation). Flat files and maps used in curation were generated in TreeVal ( Pointon et al., 2023). Manual curation was primarily conducted using PretextView ( Harry, 2022), with additional insights provided by JBrowse2 ( Diesh et al., 2023) and HiGlass ( Kerpedjiev et al., 2018). Scaffolds were visually inspected and corrected as described by Howe et al. (2021). Any identified contamination, missed joins, and mis-joins were corrected, and duplicate sequences were tagged and removed. The sex chromosomes were assigned based on synteny analysis. The curation process is documented at https://gitlab.com/wtsi-grit/rapid-curation (article in preparation).
** Evaluation of the final assembly **
The final assembly was post-processed and evaluated using the three Nextflow ( Di Tommaso et al., 2017) DSL2 pipelines: sanger-tol/readmapping ( Surana et al., 2023a), sanger-tol/genomenote ( Surana et al., 2023b), and sanger-tol/blobtoolkit ( Muffato et al., 2024). The readmapping pipeline aligns the Hi-C reads using bwa-mem2 ( Vasimuddin et al., 2019) and combines the alignment files with SAMtools ( Danecek et al., 2021). The genomenote pipeline transforms the Hi-C alignments into a contact map with BEDTools ( Quinlan & Hall, 2010) and the Cooler tool suite ( Abdennur & Mirny, 2020). The contact map is visualised in HiGlass ( Kerpedjiev et al., 2018). This pipeline also generates assembly statistics using the NCBI datasets report ( Sayers et al., 2024), computes k-mer completeness and QV consensus quality values with FastK and MERQURY.FK, and runs BUSCO ( Manni et al., 2021) to assess completeness.
The sanger-tol/blobtoolkit pipeline is a Nextflow port of the previous Snakemake Blobtoolkit pipeline ( Challis et al., 2020). It aligns the PacBio reads in SAMtools and minimap2 ( Li, 2018) and generates coverage tracks for regions of fixed size. In parallel, it queries the GoaT database ( Challis et al., 2023) to identify all matching BUSCO lineages to run BUSCO ( Manni et al., 2021). For the three domain-level BUSCO lineages, the pipeline aligns the BUSCO genes to the UniProt Reference Proteomes database ( Bateman et al., 2023) with DIAMOND ( Buchfink et al., 2021) blastp. The genome is also split into chunks according to the density of the BUSCO genes from the closest taxonomically lineage, and each chunk is aligned to the UniProt Reference Proteomes database with DIAMOND blastx. Genome sequences without a hit are chunked with seqtk and aligned to the NT database with blastn ( Altschul et al., 1990). The blobtools suite combines all these outputs into a blobdir for visualisation.
The genome assembly and evaluation pipelines were developed using nf-core tooling ( Ewels et al., 2020) and MultiQC ( Ewels et al., 2016), relying on the Conda package manager, the Bioconda initiative ( Grüning et al., 2018), the Biocontainers infrastructure ( da Veiga Leprevost et al., 2017), as well as the Docker ( Merkel, 2014) and Singularity ( Kurtzer et al., 2017) containerisation solutions.
Table 4 contains a list of relevant software tool versions and sources.
Wellcome Sanger Institute – Legal and Governance
The materials that have contributed to this genome note have been supplied by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner. The submission of materials by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner is subject to the ‘Darwin Tree of Life Project Sampling Code of Practice’, which can be found in full on the Darwin Tree of Life website here. By agreeing with and signing up to the Sampling Code of Practice, the Darwin Tree of Life Partner agrees they will meet the legal and ethical requirements and standards set out within this document in respect of all samples acquired for, and supplied to, the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Further, the Wellcome Sanger Institute employs a process whereby due diligence is carried out proportionate to the nature of the materials themselves, and the circumstances under which they have been/are to be collected and provided for use. The purpose of this is to address and mitigate any potential legal and/or ethical implications of receipt and use of the materials as part of the research project, and to ensure that in doing so we align with best practice wherever possible. The overarching areas of consideration are:
• Ethical review of provenance and sourcing of the material
• Legality of collection, transfer and use (national and international)
Each transfer of samples is further undertaken according to a Research Collaboration Agreement or Material Transfer Agreement entered into by the Darwin Tree of Life Partner, Genome Research Limited (operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute), and in some circumstances other Darwin Tree of Life collaborators.
The reference list from the paper itself. Each links out to its DOI / PubMed record.
- 1Abdennur N Mirny LA : Cooler: scalable storage for Hi-C data and other genomically labeled arrays. Bioinformatics. 2020;36(1):311–316. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz 540 31290943 PMC 8205516 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 2Allio R Schomaker-Bastos A Romiguier J : Mito Finder: efficient automated large-scale extraction of mitogenomic data in target enrichment phylogenomics. Mol Ecol Resour. 2020;20(4):892–905. 10.1111/1755-0998.13160 32243090 PMC 7497042 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 3Altschul SF Gish W Miller W : Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215(3):403–410. 10.1016/S 0022-2836(05)80360-2 2231712 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 4Åström HM Haeggström CA : What happens with the tree rings when the bird-cherry ( Prunus padus L.) is defoliated by the moth bird-cherry ermine ( Yponomeuta evonymellus Linnæus, 1758)? Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 2018;94:78–83. Reference Source
- 5Bateman A Martin MJ Orchard S : Uni Prot: the Universal Protein Knowledgebase in 2023. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51(D 1):D 523–D 531. 10.1093/nar/gkac 1052 36408920 PMC 9825514 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 6Bates A Clayton-Lucey I Howard C : Sanger Tree of Life HMW DNA fragmentation: diagenode Megaruptor ®3 for LI Pac Bio. protocols.io. 2023. 10.17504/protocols.io.81wgbxzq 3lpk/v 1 · doi ↗
- 7Beasley J Uhl R Forrest LL : DNA barcoding SO Ps for the Darwin Tree of Life project. protocols.io. 2023; (accessed 25 June 2024). 10.17504/protocols.io.261ged 91jv 47/v 1 · doi ↗
- 8Buchfink B Reuter K Drost HG : Sensitive protein alignments at Tree-of-Life scale using DIAMOND. Nat Methods. 2021;18(4):366–368. 10.1038/s 41592-021-01101-x 33828273 PMC 8026399 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗