# Feedback-delay dependence of the stability of cluster periodic orbits in populations of degrade-and-fire oscillators with common activator

## TL;DR

This paper shows how feedback delay affects the stability of synchronized gene oscillators, proving that delay is essential for maintaining synchronization.

## Contribution

The paper provides the first rigorous mathematical proof of delay-dependent stability in degrade-and-fire oscillator models.

## Key findings

- Synchronized oscillations are unstable without feedback delay.
- Even small delays ensure asymptotic stability of synchronized oscillations.
- Multiple stable partially synchronized orbits can coexist with the fully synchronized one.

## Abstract

Feedback delay has been identified as a key ingredient in the quorum sensing synchronization of synthetic gene oscillators. While this influence has been evidenced at the theoretical level in a simplified system of degrade-and-fire oscillators coupled via a common activator protein, full mathematical certifications remained to be provided. Here, we prove from a rigorous mathematical viewpoint that, for the very same model, the synchronized degrade-and-fire oscillations are 1/ unstable with respect to out-of-sync perturbations in absence of delay, and 2/ are otherwise asymptotically stable in presence of delay, no matter how small is its amplitude. To that goal, we proceed to an extensive study of the population dynamics in this system, which in particular identifies the mechanisms of, and related criteria for, the delay-dependent stability of periodic orbits with respect to out-of-sync perturbations. As an additional outcome, the analysis also reveals that, depending on the parameters, multiple stable partially synchronized periodic orbits can coexist with the fully synchronized one.