# Dual and Multi-Target Cone-Beam X-ray Luminescence Computed Tomography Based on the DeepCB-XLCT Network

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a deep learning method to improve the accuracy of X-ray-based imaging using nanoparticles, enabling better multi-target imaging in biological tissues.

## Contribution

The DeepCB-XLCT network introduces a novel deep learning approach for multi-target CB-XLCT imaging with enhanced reconstruction accuracy.

## Key findings

- DeepCB-XLCT outperforms traditional methods in contrast-to-noise ratio and shape similarity for two-target reconstructions.
- The method shows potential for multi-target imaging with successful results in three-target XLCT tomographic images.
- Incorporating SSIM and target-specific loss improves the fidelity of reconstructed nanoparticle distributions.

## Abstract

Background and Objective: Emerging as a hybrid imaging modality, cone-beam X-ray luminescence computed tomography (CB-XLCT) has been developed using X-ray-excitable nanoparticles. In contrast to conventional bio-optical imaging techniques like bioluminescence tomography (BLT) and fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT), CB-XLCT offers the advantage of greater imaging depth while significantly reducing interference from autofluorescence and background fluorescence, owing to its utilization of X-ray-excited nanoparticles. However, due to the intricate excitation process and extensive light scattering within biological tissues, the inverse problem of CB-XLCT is fundamentally ill-conditioned. Methods: An end-to-end three-dimensional deep encoder-decoder network, termed DeepCB-XLCT, is introduced to improve the quality of CB-XLCT reconstructions. This network directly establishes a nonlinear mapping between the distribution of internal X-ray-excitable nanoparticles and the corresponding boundary fluorescent signals. To improve the fidelity of target shape restoration, the structural similarity loss (SSIM) was incorporated into the objective function of the DeepCB-XLCT network. Additionally, a loss term specifically for target regions was introduced to improve the network’s emphasis on the areas of interest. As a result, the inaccuracies in reconstruction caused by the simplified linear model used in conventional methods can be effectively minimized by the proposed DeepCB-XLCT method. Results and Conclusions: Numerical simulations, phantom experiments, and in vivo experiments with two targets were performed, revealing that the DeepCB-XLCT network enhances reconstruction accuracy regarding contrast-to-noise ratio and shape similarity when compared to traditional methods. In addition, the findings from the XLCT tomographic images involving three targets demonstrate its potential for multi-target CB-XLCT imaging.