# The origin and function of arbitrary signals: Making false statements, having long hair, and smoking Virginia Slims

## TL;DR

The paper explains how making controversial or false statements can be a way to signal beliefs and gain social status, even if the statements are not believed to be true.

## Contribution

It introduces a model where false statements serve as symbolic actions for self-branding and social signaling.

## Key findings

- False statements can act as credible signals when society disagrees on their truth.
- Controversial actions help individuals join socially attractive groups.
- The model applies to various verbal and nonverbal signals in social controversies.

## Abstract

We propose a model in which players take actions that run counter to social norms in part to announce their stand on a social controversy but also, and maybe mostly, to gain image benefits that allow them to join groups that are socially attractive to them. We give several examples, but the “election denial” debate is an important application: rather than assuming that proponents believe their claims to be true, it suggests that false statements can serve as symbolic actions and help them engage in self-branding for social and psychological gain. Specifically, the willingness to make a controversial statement can be a credible signal because untruth is ill-received by some members of society and therefore entails some costs. It is immaterial whether election deniers believe their claim to be true, but it is important that some members of society believe that it is false and therefore think poorly of those who make it: if there is social consensus about the truth of a statement, it cannot serve a signaling function. The same mechanism explains several other verbal and nonverbal signals associated with different sides of social controversies and analysis of those helps clarify the mechanism.