# Root hairs: an underexplored target for sustainable cereal crop production

## TL;DR

This paper explores how improving root hair traits in cereal crops like rice, maize, and wheat can enhance yield and resilience for sustainable food production.

## Contribution

The paper reviews genetic control of root hair development in major cereals and highlights conserved gene functions across species.

## Key findings

- Root hairs are critical for water and nutrient uptake but are underexplored in crop breeding.
- Genes controlling root hair development show conserved functions between monocots and Arabidopsis.
- Advances in genomics and gene editing offer new opportunities to improve root hair architecture.

## Abstract

To meet the demands of a rising human population, plant breeders will need to develop improved crop varieties that maximize yield in the face of increasing pressure on crop production. Historically, the optimization of crop root architecture has represented a challenging breeding target due to the inaccessibility of the root systems. Root hairs, single cell projections from the root epidermis, are perhaps the most overlooked component of root architecture traits. Root hairs play a central role in facilitating water, nutrient uptake, and soil cohesion. Current root hair architectures may be suboptimal under future agricultural production regimes, coupled with an increasingly variable climate. Here, we review the genetic control of root hair development in the world’s three most important crops—rice, maize, and wheat—and highlight conservation of gene function between monocots and the model dicot species Arabidopsis. Advances in genomic techniques including gene editing combined with traditional plant breeding methods have the potential to overcome many inherent issues associated with the design of improved root hair architectures. Ultimately, this will enable detailed characterization of the effects of contrasting root hair morphology strategies on crop yield and resilience, and the development of new varieties better adapted to deliver future food security.

We review current knowledge of genes controlling root hair development in rice, maize, and wheat, and highlight conservation of gene function between monocots and the model dicot species Arabidopsis.