# The Legacy of Hermann Rorschach and His Inkblots: Portrait of a Man or Mental Disease?

## TL;DR

This paper explores the history and legacy of Hermann Rorschach's inkblots, their use in diagnosing mental illness, and the controversies surrounding their interpretation and validity.

## Contribution

The paper provides a historical and critical analysis of Rorschach's inkblots and their evolution in psychology.

## Key findings

- Rorschach's inkblots originated from his 1911 dissertation on reflex hallucinations.
- The inkblots were later expanded in America and used in controversial psychological assessments, such as those of Nazi defendants.
- Modern criticism questions the validity and clinical relevance of Rorschach's inkblots.

## Abstract

Hermann Rorschach was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who experimented with inkblots for the purpose of diagnosing mental illness and personality temperaments. This paper highlights the legacy of Rorschach through discussion of the events that led to the inkblots' creation during Rorschach’s life and after his death. The foundational elements of the inkblots were conceived in Rorschach’s 1911 dissertation regarding reflex hallucinations, a form of synesthesia, that ultimately served as Rorschach’s experimental focus and development of his iconic inkblots. After Rorschach’s death in 1922, the inkblots were disseminated in America by Samuel Beck and Bruno Klopfer during the 1930s and 1940s while expanding on intelligence and personality metrics. Further research regarding the concept of a “group Rorschach'' was expanded by Molly Harrower and ultimately applied by Douglas Kelly and Gustav Gilbert to the Nazi Defendants at Nuremberg with the aim of conceptualizing the “Nazi personality.” However, due to interpreter bias and conflicting interpretation, the results surrounding the Nazi Rorschachs remain controversial. Further controversy ensued after John Exner’s attempt to standardize the Rorschach methodology while introducing new diagnostic metrics. Today, the Rorschach inkblots are criticized for their lack of validity and clinical relevance.