# A longitudinal study on the relation between parenting and Toddler’s disruptive behavior: what is the role of Toddler’s negative emotionality and physiological stress reactivity?

## TL;DR

This study explores how parenting affects toddler behavior, but finds that child temperament and stress reactivity don't mediate this link.

## Contribution

The study is novel in examining physiological stress reactivity as a mediator in the parenting-disruptive behavior relationship in toddlers.

## Key findings

- Negative emotionality and heart rate reactivity did not mediate the link between parenting and disruptive behavior.
- No reinforcing dynamic between parenting, stress, and behavior was found in toddlers.
- Parenting practices remain directly linked to disruptive behavior without mediation by child traits.

## Abstract

Harsh and unsupportive parenting is a risk factor for the development of disruptive behavior in children. However, little is known about how children’s temperament and stress reactivity influence this relation. In a three-wave longitudinal study, we examined whether the associations between parenting practices (supportive parenting, positive discipline, and harsh discipline) and child disruptive behavior were mediated by child temperament (negative emotionality) and stress reactivity (heart rate reactivity). In 72 families (Mage child = 14.6 months), living in the Netherlands, parents reported on their parenting practices and their children’s disruptive behavior and negative emotionality. Children’s heart rate reactivity was assessed through a series of stress-inducing tasks. Results from regression-based mediation analyses with bootstrapping showed that negative emotionality and stress reactivity did not mediate the relation between parenting and disruptive behavior. The results overall demonstrate that in a group of children this age, a reinforcing dynamic between parenting, child stress and disruptive behavior is not yet firmly established.