# Nasal exudate for diagnosis of stroke: fundamental studies through iron fractionation, total iron, and targeted protein determinations

## TL;DR

This study explores nasal exudate as a non-invasive sample to detect stroke by analyzing iron and iron-related proteins.

## Contribution

The work introduces nasal exudate as a novel sample for stroke diagnosis using iron fractionation and protein analysis.

## Key findings

- Iron fractionation and protein levels in nasal exudate differ between stroke and control groups.
- Ferritin and ferroportin concentrations showed distinct patterns across stroke types.
- Analytical challenges were addressed to ensure reliable data from limited sample volumes.

## Abstract

During the last years, there has been an increasing research interest in the analysis of biological fluids requiring non-invasive sampling for biomedical and clinical applications. In this work, we have focused on the nasal exudate with the aim of investigating the potential use of this fluid to know the role of iron in stroke and also for diagnosis. Potential differences in the nasal exudate, collected in swabs, from diagnosed hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and control groups were investigated with regard to total iron by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, iron fractionation studies by size exclusion chromatography together with post-column isotope dilution analysis, and four proteins containing iron (ferritin, transferrin, lactoferrin, and ferroportin) with ELISA kits. All these analyses represent an analytical challenge, considering the rather limited amount of sample (10–40 mg) available, being the nasal exudate extracted from the swab with 300 µL 10 mM Tris/HCl, pH = 7.4. Studies to obtain reliable analytical information, such as the blank contribution of the sampling step, evaluation of the extraction efficiency of the nasal exudate from the swab, and normalization strategies for data treatment, have been carried out. Results showed that despite the limited number of investigated samples, fractionation studies as well as the concentrations of ferritin and ferroportin obtained with ELISA kits showed a differential behavior between the different cohorts.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00216-024-05469-5.