# Uncovering Hidden Framings in Dark Triad Self-Ratings: What Frames-of-Reference Do People Use When Responding to Generic Dark Triad Items?

## TL;DR

This study explores how people interpret generic Dark Triad personality questions, finding that responses may vary depending on the type of social context imagined.

## Contribution

The study reveals that generic Dark Triad items may contain hidden context-specific biases, particularly in how people mentally frame their responses.

## Key findings

- Generic Dark Triad items showed strongest links with work-related items and weakest with family-related items.
- Associations between generic and contextual items varied across different traits and specific items.
- The findings suggest that hidden contextual framings may affect the predictive validity of Dark Triad self-reports.

## Abstract

In typical Dark Triad (DT) questionnaires, generic items oftentimes refer to “others” or “people” in general. Hence, respondents have to mentally aggregate their behavior across several kinds of “others” (e.g., work colleagues, family members, and friends). It remains unknown if individuals consider different kinds of interaction partners equally or if their self-reports contain “hidden” interaction partner-specific tendencies. To shed light on this issue, we assessed generic and contextualized DT items (referring to family, friends, work, and strangers; N = 814 from the general population). The correlated trait-correlated (method − 1) model was used to investigate preregistered research questions. On average, generic DT items showed the strongest association with work-contextualized DT items and the weakest association with family-contextualized DT items. However, the associations varied considerably across DT items and traits. In sum, our results suggest that hidden framings exist in some DT items, which may impact their ability to predict relevant criteria due to contextual (a)symmetries. The generalizability of the findings to other DT instruments, items, and participant groups should be examined in future research.