Case report: Case analysis of multiple sclerosis with preclinical systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as rare bilateral horizontal gaze palsy

TL;DR

A rare case of multiple sclerosis with preclinical systemic lupus erythematosus presented as bilateral horizontal gaze palsy, highlighting diagnostic challenges.

Contribution

This case report highlights the rare presentation of MS with p-SLE and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis.

Findings

The patient exhibited bilateral horizontal gaze palsy with MRI showing multiple demyelinating lesions.

Serum tests revealed elevated ANA, anti-Sm, and anti-nRNP antibodies, indicating preclinical SLE.

Neurophysiological assessments confirmed damage to multiple cranial nerves.

Abstract

We present an analysis of a case initially manifesting as bilateral horizontal gaze palsy, eventually diagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS) with preclinical systemic lupus erythematosus (p-SLE). The patient, a 25-year-old male, exhibited restricted movement in both eyes. Cranial MRI revealed multiple demyelinating lesions; serum analyses indicated elevated levels of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-Sm antibodies, and anti-nRNP antibodies. Oligoclonal bands were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid. Neurophysiological assessments demonstrated damage to the optic, auditory, and facial nerves. Given the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and the progression of the disease, the final diagnosis was confirmed as MS associated with p-SLE. The onset of MS with oculomotor disturbances is rare and may be easily confused with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). Furthermore, the differentiation of p-SLE from undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) in the early stages presents significant challenges. Early identification of risk factors and close monitoring of disease activity is crucial for an accurate diagnosis.

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