# Cesarian section and long-term outcomes for cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus)

## TL;DR

This paper discusses the use of C-sections in cownose rays and their impact on the long-term health of the species in aquarium settings.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a surgical technique for C-sections in cownose rays and evaluates its outcomes.

## Key findings

- C-sections are occasionally necessary for cownose rays with dystocia or prolonged pregnancies.
- Reproductive monitoring helps predict due dates and guide delivery decisions.
- The surgical technique described has implications for the species' sustainability in managed care.

## Abstract

Cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) are schooling rays commonly displayed in large groups in public aquariums. They are long-lived, have an annual reproductive cycle, and readily breed in managed care with most pregnancies culminating with the unaided and successful birth of a single neonate. Occasionally, females are observed to have prolonged pregnancies or suffer dystocia during parturition and intervention via a cesarian section (C-section) is required to deliver the neonate. Monthly reproductive monitoring at Ripley’s Aquarium of the Smokies using ultrasound to stage pregnancies allows for the prediction of anticipated due dates and guides the decision to assist with delivery. Recognizing when to assist birth and best practices for performing C-section are important for the reproductive health, sustainability, and longevity of this species in managed care. This report describes a surgical technique for C-section in cownose rays and includes short-term complications and long-term outcomes for females.