# Revisiting Louis Fry’s spiritual leadership model in confessional school teachers using structural equation modeling (SEM)

## TL;DR

This paper evaluates the validity of a spiritual leadership model in confessional school teachers using statistical methods.

## Contribution

The study applies structural equation modeling to assess the validity and relationships in Fry’s spiritual leadership model.

## Key findings

- The spiritual leadership scale showed acceptable reliability and convergent validity but failed discriminant validity.
- The proposed model did not achieve an acceptable fit, with mixed results in robustness indices.
- Alternative models also failed to produce significant results, suggesting a need to re-examine the model’s causal structure.

## Abstract

This paper examines the construct validity of the spiritual leadership model proposed by (Fry et al. 2005). The analysis focused on examining the relationships proposed by the model through CFA and structural equation modeling (SEM). A confirmatory factor analysis indicated the SL scale provides acceptable reliability and convergent validity indexes; however, it did not achieve discriminant validity. Model convergence was obtained using MLR (Robust Maximum Likelihood) methods. However, when the robustness indices were analyzed, it was found that some obtained acceptable results and others were deficient, so that an acceptable model fit was not achieved. Regarding the relationship between the hypotheses, it was found that they were significant in all cases except for the reciprocal relationship between vision and altruistic love. In light of this finding, alternative models were developed that also failed to yield significant results. The theoretical and methodological discussion focuses on the relationships of Fry’s model and addresses the need to review its causal nature, considering recursive and non-recursive aspects.