# The sharp edge of immunosuppressive treatments: infections

## TL;DR

This study compares infection risks in patients with severe COVID-19 treated with anakinra or tocilizumab, finding higher infection rates in the anakinra group and higher mortality in those with infections.

## Contribution

This is one of the few studies evaluating infections in patients treated with both anakinra and tocilizumab for severe COVID-19.

## Key findings

- Infection rates were higher in the anakinra group, especially for pneumonia and bloodstream infections.
- Patients who developed infections had significantly higher 30-day mortality, particularly in the tocilizumab group.
- ICU admission was a major risk factor for infection, increasing the risk by 32.8 times.

## Abstract

Different side effects, including infections, are encountered in patients receiving anticytokines used for the treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to evaluate the infections and the effects of these infections that develop in this patient group.

This study included 208 patients who were followed-up with the diagnosis of severe COVID-19 in two different hospitals. Patient data were obtained retrospectively from the hospital information system.

Of the 208 patients included, 54 were in the anakinra group, and 154 were in the tocilizumab group. Of these patients, 73 (35.1%) developed infection, 160 (76.9%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and the 30-day mortality rate was 46.6%. The ICU admission, 30-day mortality, and infection rates were higher in the anakinra group, but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.137, p = 0.127, and p = 0.132, respectively), while pneumonia and bloodstream infection (BSI) rates were higher (p = 0.043 and p = 0.010 respectively). The 30-day mortality rate was significantly higher in patients who developed infection, especially in the tocilizumab group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001). The independent risk factors affecting the development of infection were evaluated via regression analysis, in which it was found that age, sex, and the type of immunosuppressive treatment had no significant effect, while ICU admission increased the risk of infection by 32.8 times (95% CI: 4.4–245.8) and each day of hospitalization slightly increased the risk of infection by 1.06 times (95% CI: 1.03–1.09).

Infection rates were higher in the anakinra group, especially the pneumonia and BSI rates were higher than in the tocilizumab group. The 30-day mortality rates were higher in patients who had an infection, especially in the tocilizumab group. This is one of the rare studies that evaluated infections developing in patients treated with anakinra and tocilizumab together.