# Insights into the Mechanisms of Single-Photon and Two-Photon Excited Surface Enhanced Fluorescence by Submicrometer Silver Particles

## TL;DR

This paper explores how submicrometer silver particles enhance fluorescence signals through single- and two-photon excitation, offering insights into their potential for sensitive detection.

## Contribution

A new stimulated radiation model is proposed to explain fluorescence enhancement by submicrometer silver particles.

## Key findings

- Fluorescence enhancement factors of 34 and 45 times were achieved under single-photon and two-photon excitation, respectively.
- The presence of silver particles increases the molecular radiative decay rate, shortening the fluorescence lifetime from 3.8 ns to 3 ns.
- Fluorescence enhancement is attributed to the coupling of molecular emissions with silver particle plasmon resonances.

## Abstract

Surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) based on noble metal nanoparticles is an effective means to achieve high sensitivity in fluorescence detection. Currently, the physical mechanism behind enhanced fluorescence is not fully understood. This paper measures the fluorescence signals of Dihydroporphyrin f methyl ether (CPD4) under both single-photon and two-photon excitation based on submicrometer silver particles with rough morphologies, achieving enhancement factors of 34 and 45 times, respectively. On this basis, by combining the radiative field characteristics produced by the silver particles, a stimulated radiation model of molecules is established to elucidate the changes in the molecular photophysical process when influenced by silver particles. Moreover, the fluorescence lifetime of the molecules was measured, showing that the presence of silver particles induces an increase in the molecular radiative decay rate, causing the fluorescence lifetime to decay from 3.8 ns to 3 ns. The results indicate that the fluorescence enhancement primarily originates from the submicrometer silver particles’ enhancement effect on the excitation light. Additionally, the fluorescence signal emitted by the molecules couples with the silver particles, causing the local surface plasmon resonances generated by the silver particles to also emit light signals of the same frequency. Under the combined effect, the fluorescence of the molecules is significantly enhanced. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the fluorescence enhancement mechanism of silver particles, adjusting the enhancement effect, and developing enhanced fluorescence detection devices based on submicrometer silver particles, holding significant practical importance.