# Solid State Additive Manufacturing of Thermoset Composites

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method for 3D printing thermoset composites that reduces deformation and curing time.

## Contribution

A novel approach using composite powders and stepwise curing in cold spray additive manufacturing is proposed.

## Key findings

- Composite powders in cold spray additive manufacturing reduce deformation during printing.
- Stepwise curing reduces overall curing time from 16.7 hours to 1.5 hours.
- Alternating solid components in composite powders provide structural support and minimize deformation.

## Abstract

Softening and subsequent deformation are significant challenges in additive manufacturing of thermal-curable thermosets. This study proposes an approach to address these issues, involving the preparation of thermosetting composite powders with distinct curing temperatures, the utilization of cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) for sample fabrication, and the implementation of stepwise curing for each component. To validate the feasibility of this approach, two single-component thermosetting powders P1 and P2 and their composite powder C were subjected to CSAM and stepwise curing. From the sample morphology observation and deposition/curing mechanism investigation based on thermomechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, it is found that severe plastic deformation occurs during the CSAM process, accompanied by heat generation, leading to local melting to promote a good bond at the contact surface of the particles and form small pores. During the progressive curing, the samples printed using C demonstrate superior deformation resistance compared with those using P1 and P2, and the curing time is reduced from 16.7 h to 1.5 h, due to the sequential curing reactions of P1 and P2 components in composite C, allowing the uncured P2 and cured P1 to alternately remain solid for providing structural support and minimizing deformation.