# Investigating the Promising P28 Peptide-Loaded Chitosan/Ceramic Bone Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

## TL;DR

This study explores P28 peptide-loaded scaffolds as a promising alternative for bone regeneration, showing improved osteoblast differentiation and healing.

## Contribution

The novelty lies in using P28 peptide-loaded hybrid scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration by mimicking BMP-2 and improving osteoblast differentiation.

## Key findings

- Hybrid scaffolds significantly enhanced osteoblast differentiation in C2C12 cells.
- P28 peptide-loaded scaffolds showed improved therapeutic effects for bone regeneration.
- Calcium deposits were observed in C2C12 cells cultured with hybrid scaffolds at 7 and 14 days.

## Abstract

Bone has the ability to heal itself; however, bone defects fail to heal once the damage exceeds a critical size. Bone regeneration remains a significant clinical challenge, with autograft considered the ideal bone graft material due to its sufficient porosity, osteogenic cells, and biological growth factors. However, limitations to bone grafting, such as limited bone stock and high resorption rates, have led to a great deal of research into developing bone graft substitutes. The P28 peptide is a small molecule bioactive biomimetic alternative to mimic the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). In this study, we investigated the potential of P28-loaded hybrid scaffolds to mimic the natural bone structure for enhancing the bone regeneration process. We hypothesized that the peptide-loaded scaffolds and nude scaffolds both have the potential to promote bone healing, and the bone healing process is accelerated by the release of the peptide. To verify our hypothesis, C2C12 cells were evaluated for the presence of calcium deposits by histological stain at 7 and 14 days in cultures with hybrid scaffolds. Total RNA was isolated from C2C12 cells cultured with hybrid scaffolds for 7 and 14 days to assess osteoblast differentiation. The project findings demonstrated that the hybrid scaffold could enhance osteoblast differentiation and significantly improve the therapeutic effects of the scaffold in bone regeneration.