Histomorphological and Dynamical Changes in Female River Lampreys during Maturation under Controlled Conditions as a Part of Lamprey Restoration Programs

TL;DR

This study tracks body changes in female river lampreys during their spawning migration under controlled conditions, focusing on reproductive and digestive system changes.

Contribution

The study provides the first detailed description of histomorphological and physiological changes in female river lampreys during maturation under controlled conditions.

Findings

Gonadosomatic index increased from 7% to 23% during the study period.

Digestive system atrophy was observed with a decrease in digestivesomatic index from 0.4% to 0.1%.

Liver changes included lipid vacuole reduction and hepatocyte apoptosis, with a noticeable color change to green in April.

Abstract

Lampreys are a group of about 40 species found all over the world. One representative of this group is the river lamprey, which spends its larvae life initially in fresh water and then in the sea. For spawning, which is the end of their last migration, they return to fresh water. The spawning migration period lasts many months, during which the lampreys do not eat and many changes occur in their bodies. However, knowledge of these processes and their dynamics has not been studied and described, and this is the basis for preparing programs for the restitution of lampreys and their artificial reproduction under controlled conditions. This paper describes the changes occurring during spawning migration in female river lampreys, including the development of ovaries, changes in the liver, and atrophy of the digestive system.

More than 40 species of lampreys (Petromyzontiformes) are known worldwide. Some of them are parasitic and feed on the blood of fish or other aquatic animals. Lampreys spawn once in their lifetime, after which they die. One of the representatives of the ichthyofauna of European rivers is the river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis. The river lamprey is now an endangered species due to loss and degradation of their habitats. The present study investigated gonadal development without hormonal stimulation in female river lampreys during puberty under controlled conditions for a period of seven months. Female river lampreys were kept in conditions that mimicked the natural environment. During the November–May period, samples were taken monthly to determine the extent of gonadal development and gastrointestinal and liver changes using histological examination. From the results obtained, the dynamical changes were determined for the following: gonadosomatic index (GSI; %), hepatosomatic index (his; %), and digestivesomatic index (DSI; %). With the gonadal development of female lampreys, an increase in GSI (7–23%; November–May) and a decrease in DSI (0.4–0.1%; November–May) histological changes were observed in the gonads (oocyte development), intestines (over time, decreased lipid vacuoles and enterocyte apoptosis), and in the liver (decreased lipid vacuoles and hepatocyte apoptosis over time) and in the digestive system resulting from its degradation. Also, it was observed that there was a change in the color of the liver to green in April. This study demonstrated the key role of the liver in the oocyte maturation process in this species.

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