# Vitamin D content and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

## TL;DR

This study finds that many epilepsy patients are vitamin D deficient, and anti-seizure medications may lower vitamin D levels.

## Contribution

A systematic review and meta-analysis on vitamin D deficiency in epilepsy patients, including subgroup analyses.

## Key findings

- The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in newly diagnosed epilepsy patients is 50.2%.
- ASM intervention is associated with a 47.9% prevalence of vitamin D deficiency.
- Epilepsy patients have lower vitamin D levels than healthy individuals.

## Abstract

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D levels in patients with epilepsy (PWE) were systematically evaluated, and the differences between subgroups were analyzed.

We identified all articles investigating the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with epilepsy from the database established in March 2024 from PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. We divided them into anti-seizure medication (ASM) interventions and non-ASM interventions according to whether or not someone used ASM.

A total of 68 articles were included. The prevalence of newly diagnosed epilepsy was 50.2% (95% CI: 38.7–61.7%), and the prevalence after ASM intervention was 47.9% (95% CI: 40–55.9%), including 7,070 patients with epilepsy. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed according to the diagnostic criteria, economic development level, region, age, ASM treatment, and other factors. The results showed that the differences were not significant. In addition, the vitamin D content of epilepsy patients (18.719 ng/mL) was lower than that of healthy people (20.295 ng/mL).

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with epilepsy is very high. Still, the related factors have little effect on the high prevalence of vitamin D in epilepsy, and ASM intervention can reduce the vitamin D content in patients with epilepsy. Therefore, it is emphasized that monitoring vitamin D levels is part of the routine management of patients with epilepsy.

The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). (registration number CRD42023493896). https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ # myprospero.