# Evaluation of Pathology Resources for Cervical Cancer Detection Between 2018 & 2022: a Retrospective Study at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Western Kenya

## TL;DR

This study examines changes in histopathology resources for cervical cancer detection at a Kenyan hospital from 2018 to 2022, finding improved equipment but a declining staff-to-patient ratio.

## Contribution

The study provides a detailed evaluation of histopathology resource evolution in a low-resource setting, highlighting infrastructure improvements and persistent workforce challenges.

## Key findings

- Histopathology equipment improved, including automatic tissue processors and embedding machines.
- A 14-day turnaround time for pathology reports was maintained despite a declining personnel-to-patient ratio.
- The hospital's infrastructure upgrades demonstrate a proactive approach to improving cervical cancer detection.

## Abstract

Cervical cancer cases are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Kenya, exacerbated by inadequate histopathology resources, posing a significant barrier to timely diagnosis and treatment. There has been little research on the availability and evolution of histopathology resources for diagnosing cervical cancer over the years. This retrospective study evaluated this evolution at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kenya between 2018 and 2022.

We used a mixed-methods approach. An in-depth interview was conducted with one of MTRH’s pathology laboratory staff to assess the equipment, personnel, and quality control trends between 2018 and 2022. A thematic analysis was conducted in NVivo. We also retrospectively conducted a comprehensive inventory review of laboratory resources from 2018–2022 via purposive sampling. Microsoft Excel and Stata version 17 were utilized for descriptive statistical analysis. Turnaround time (TAT) was assessed against the UK’s National Health Service Cervical Screening Program guidelines.

The number of histopathology laboratory personnel at MTRH increased from 2018 to 2022, during which the facility included two pathologists, one records person, and one office administrator. Patient annual visits increased from approximately 350,000 in 2018 to approximately 500,000 in 2022. However, the histopathology personnel-to-population ratio decreased from 1.5 pathologists and 2.7 histo-technicians per 100,000 in 2018 to 1.4 pathologists and 1.8 histo-technicians per 100,000 in 2022. Despite this decrease, lab equipment, automatic tissue processors and embedding machines were added, and an average 14-day turnaround time was maintained for pathology reports.

Despite a decreased personnel-to-patient ratio, the addition of crucial histopathology equipment mirrors the operational commitment of the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. The 14-day TAT is commendable, contributes to operational effectiveness and significantly contributes to timely detection. The hospital’s dedication to upgrading its infrastructure underscores a proactive approach to addressing growing healthcare demands and improving patient outcomes, even with limited human resources. The decline in the personnel-to-patient ratio underscores challenges in diagnosis, emphasizing the need to address workforce and infrastructure gaps to improve patient care within similar low-resource settings.