# Reviewing the science on 50 years of conservation: Knowledge production biases and lessons for practice

## TL;DR

This paper reviews 50 years of conservation research and finds that involving local communities improves conservation outcomes.

## Contribution

The study reveals biases in conservation research and highlights the importance of local community involvement for effective conservation.

## Key findings

- Conservation knowledge about the Global South is mainly produced by researchers in the Global North.
- Involvement of Indigenous Peoples and local communities is linked to better ecological and social outcomes.
- Lack of independence in studies may bias ecological outcomes and reinforce leadership narratives.

## Abstract

Drawing on 662 studies from 102 countries, we present a systematic review of published empirical studies about site-level biodiversity conservation initiated between 1970 and 2019. Within this sample, we find that knowledge production about the Global South is largely produced by researchers in the Global North, implying a neocolonial power dynamic. We also find evidence of bias in reported ecological outcomes linked to lack of independence in scientific studies, serving to uphold narratives about who should lead conservation. We explore relationships in the sample studies between conservation initiative types, the extent of Indigenous Peoples’ and local communities’ influence in governance, and reported social and ecological outcomes. Findings reveal positive ecological and social outcomes are strongly associated with higher levels of influence of Indigenous Peoples and local communities and their institutions, implying equity in conservation practice should be advanced not only for moral reasons, but because it can enhance conservation effectiveness.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-024-02049-w.